A Comprehensive Insight into the Phytochemical, Pharmacological Potential, and Traditional Medicinal Uses of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Table 4

Pharmacological activities of various parts of A. lebbeck.

S. no.	Pharmacological activity	Extract, fraction, and isolate	Parts used	Dose/mode of administration	Standard	Study model/parameter	Result	Ref.
1	Antiallergic activity	Ethanolic extract	Stem bark	50 to 300 mg/kg, p.o.	DSCG (50 mg/kg, i.p.)	Mast cell stabilization, compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis	Dose-dependent mast cell stabilization activity at 200 and 300 mg/kg dose extract protected the degranulation (53 and 61%, resp.). There was significant protection from degranulation (compound 48/80 induced) of mast cells, dose-dependent, that is, 61 and 74% of inhibition of histamine release at 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively	[15]
		Chloroform, methanol, and water extracts	Leaf and stem bark	50 μg/ml	1% DMSO	In vitro mesenteric mast cell stabilization against compound 48/80	All the extracts showed significant mast cell stabilization activity. However, methanolic and water extracts of the bark showed the maximum activity along with the leaf methanolic extract	[51]
2	Anti-Alzheimer’s activity	Hydromethanolic extract	Seed	100–300 mg/kg p.o.	Galantamine 0.5 mg/kg	In vivo aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg, p.o.)-induced Alzheimer’s disease in Wistar albino rats	Extracts significantly improved the memory and cognitive impairments, ↑GSH, SOD, CAT, and ↓ AChE	[21]
						Morris water maze, open field, hole board, Y-maze, and T-maze test
3	Anticancer activity	Saponin-rich fraction	Bark	0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml	Doxorubicin 500 nM	In vitro MTT assay in human breast cancer MCF-7	Fraction inhibits the growth of MCF-7 with IC50 1 μg/ml	[9]
				10 μg/ml	Staurosporine 1 ug/ml	Apoptosis assay	Fraction increases apoptosis and promotes activation of caspases 3 and 8
				0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg/ml		Shell-less chick embryo culture assay	Reduction in number of extremities, nodes, junctions, and total branches length between 0 and 3 hr and 0 and6 hr of drug exposure
						Chromosomal aberration (CA) assay	↑ Total chromosomal aberrations
		Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Stem bark	5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml of 0.1 M, 0.05 M, and 0.01 M ZnO NPs		In vitro MTT assay in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231	Extract significantly inhibited the viability	[57]
		Lebbeckosides A-B	Root		Tamoxifen	In vitro cytotoxicity against the glioblastoma stem-like TG1 cells and human glioblastoma U-87 MG cell lines	Lebbeckoside A and B showed cytotoxicity against TG1 and U-87 MG, with IC50 2.10, 2.24, 3.46, and 1.36 μM, respectively	[31]
		Crude methanol extract	Leaves	1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μg/ml		In vitro MTT assay against human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cancer cell line	Extract significantly decreased the cell viability with IC50 24.03 μg/ml	[52]
4	Antidiabetic activity	Methanolic extract	Bark	200, 350, and 620 mg/kg/day, p.o.	Metformin 45 mg/kg	Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type II diabetes mellitus using female Sprague-Dawley rats	Extract significantly decreased the level of serum GLU, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein levels	[16]
		Geraldone, isookanin, and luteolin	Bark		Acarbose 10 mg/ml	In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assay	All three compounds significantly inhibit the α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes	[17]
		Methanol/dichloromethane extract	Stem bark	100–400 mg/kg	Glibenclamide 1 mg/kg	In vivo streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using male albino Wistar rats	Significant reduction of blood glucose, BUN, SCr, GSP, TC, TG, LDL-c, and VLDL-c and increasing plasma insulin level, hepatic enzymes, SOD, CAT, GSH, and HDL-c	[18]
5	Antidiarrheal activity	Aqueous methanol extract	Seed	2.5–5 mg/kg i.p.	Loperamide 1 mg/kg i.p.	In vivo castor oil-induced diarrhea using albino rats and mice	Extract significantly inhibited the cathartic effect of castor oil in a dose-dependent manner	[63]
6	Anti-inflammatory activity	Essential oil	Leaves	100–400 mg/kg p.o.	Ibuprofen 100 mg/kg	In vivo carrageenan-induced edema in Wistar rats	Extract significantly and dose-dependently inhibited edema	[63]
		Aqueous and ethanolic extract	Leaves	50–200 mg/kg, p.o.	Diclofenac 20 mg/kg and indomethacin 10 mg/kg	In vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models using Wistar rats	Dose-dependent and significant inhibition of inflammation	[49]
		Petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol extract	Bark	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o.	Indomethacin 10 mg/kg	In vivo carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw edema; cotton pellet-induced granuloma; adjuvant-induced arthritis using female Wistar rats	Dose-dependent and significant inhibition of inflammation	[28]
		n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fraction	Flower	0.25 and 1 g/kg, i.p.	Diclofenac sodium 20 mg/kg	In vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema using Wistar rats	All fractions showed significant inhibition	[37]
		Petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: methanol extract (1 : 1:1)	Bark	200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.	Phenylbutazone 100 mg/kg	In vivo carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema using long-Evans rats	Dose-dependent and significant inhibition of inflammation	[56]
7	Antimicrobial activity	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Stem bark	0.01 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M	Ciprofloxacin 10 μg/disc	In vitro agar disc diffusion method using Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi	Extract showed strong activity with inhibition zone ranging from 1 to 10.57 mm	[57]
		Ethanolic extract	Root	100–200 mg/ml	Ciprofloxacin	In vitro disc diffusion method using Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and four clinical bacterial isolates Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella boydii, and Enterococcus faecalis	Extract showed activity against all tested bacteria with a zone of inhibition ranging from 9.05 to 15.77 mm and MIC 0.20–1.56 mg/ml	[30]
		Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts	Stem bark	300 μg/disc	Ciprofloxacin 10 μg/disc for bacteria; griseofulvin 25 μg/disc for fungi	In vitro disc diffusion method using Bacillus polymyxa, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio mimicus, V. Cholera, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, S. flexneri type-1, S. dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Candida arrizae, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida albicans, C. krusei, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Pet. ether and ethyl acetate extract showed activity against selective microbes with ZOI ranging from 6 to 14 mm. Methanol extract is only active against S. cerevisiae (8 mm)	[58]
		Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract	Leaves	50, 100, 200, and 500 μg/ml	Tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, rifampicin, norfloxacin, and gentamycin	In vitro agar disc diffusion method using Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus	Among extracts, methanolic extract showed strong activity with a zone of inhibition ranging from 11 to 23 mm at 500 μg/ml	[19]
		Crude methanol extract	Leaves	10 mg/ml	Ampicillin 10 mg/ml, streptomycin 10 mg/ml, and tetracycline 20 mg/ml	In vitro agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli	Extract showed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with ZOI 6 and 7.5 mm, respectively	[52]
8	Antinociceptive activity	Essential oil	Leaves	100–400 mg/kg p.o.	Piroxicam 10 mg/kg p.o.	In vivo formalin hind paw in Wistar rats	Extract inhibited nociceptive mediators at both neurogenic and inflammatory phases	[11]
		Aqueous and ethanolic extract	Leaves	50–200 mg/kg, p.o.	Pentazocine 15 mg/kg	In vivo Eddy’s hot plate and tail-flick test in Wistar rats	Both extracts showed a significant and dose-dependent increase in the mean basal reaction time in the hot plate test and latency of the flick tail response	[26]
		n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fraction	Flower	0.25 and 1 g/kg, i.p.	Aspirin 200 mg/kg	In vivo hot plate method using male albino white mice	Only dichloromethane fraction (1 g/kg) significantly increases in pain threshold	[37]
		Petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: methanol extract (1 : 1:1)	Bark	200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.	Aminopyrine 50 mg/kg	Acetic acid induced writhing test using Swiss albino mice	Extract showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the number of writhes	[56]
					Morphine 2 mg/kg	Radiant heat tail-flick method using Swiss albino mice	Extract showed significant elongation of tail flicking time
9	Antioxidant activity	Zinc oxide nanoparticles	Stem bark	0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 M	Ascorbic acid	H2O2-free radical scavenging assay	IC50 48.7, 60.2, and 48.5 μg/ml, respectively	[57]
		Geraldone, isookanin, and luteolin	Bark		Trolox	DPPH radical scavenging assay	All compounds showed activity with IC50 21.5, 31.8, and 29.26 μM, respectively	[17]
		Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts	Stem bark	20–100 μg/ml	Ascorbic acid	DPPH- and H2O2-free radical scavenging assay	Extracts showed DPPH- and H2O2-free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 66.63, 57.25, 60.21, 70.93, 64.69, and 68.99 μg/ml, respectively	[58]
		Crude methanol extract	Leaves	1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μg/ml	Ascorbic acid	DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays	Extract exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 34.22 and 108.7 μg/ml, respectively	[52]
10	Antiparasitic activity	Ethanolic extract	Bark	5–100 μg/ml	Chloroquine 5 mg/kg	In vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (MRC2) and CQ resistant (RKL9) strains	IC50 = 8.2 and 5.1 μg/ml against MRC2 and RKL9 strains	[14]
		Ethanolic extract	Bark	100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg/day	Chloroquine 5 mg/kg and pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg	In vivo schizonticidal activity, repository, and curative activities using P. berghei-infected white Swiss albino mice	Dose-dependent chemosuppression was observed with significant schizonticidal activity at 1000 mg/kg with ED > 100 mg/kg. Significant curative and repository activities were exhibited by 750 mg/kg concentration of extract on day 7
		Methanol extract	Pericarp	20 mg/ml	Chloroquine, miltefosine, benznidazole, and suramin	In vitro antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei	Extract showed antiparasitic activity with IC50 8.7, 8.1, 37.9, and 50.8 μg/ml against T. cruzi, T. brucei, P. falciparum, and L. infantum, respectively	[60]
11	Anti-Parkinson’s activity	Aqueous methanolic extract	Seed	100–300 mg/kg	Sinemet-levodopa 100 mg + carbidopa 25 mg/kg per oral	In vivo haloperidol-induced catalepsy	Extract improved the motor functions and showed significant improvement in catalepsy, time latency, no. of exploration, ↑ SOD, CAT, and GSH	[12]
						Assessment of catalepsy, hang test, and narrow beam walk test
						Open field test
12	Antipyretic activity	n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fraction	Flower	0.25 and 1 g/kg, i.p.	Aspirin (200 mg/kg)	In vivo Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia using albino mice	All fractions showed a decrease in temperature	[37]
13	Antivenom activity	Methanolic extract	Seed	1: 1–1: 100 w/w		Echis carinatus venom- (ECV-) induced local toxicity in Swiss albino mice in vivo and proteolytic and hyaluronidase activities in vitro	Extract inhibited protease and hyaluronidase (IC50 36.32 and 91.95 μg), hemorrhage (ED50 26.37 μg), serum creatinine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase (ED50 37.5 and 31.44 μg)	[10]
14	Estrogenic activity	n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fraction	Flower	200 and 500 mg/kg i.p.	17-β-Estradiol (0.32 μg/animal/day)	Uterine weight using female Albino mice	Ethyl acetate (200) and total alcohol fraction (500 mg/kg) significantly decrease and increase uterine weight by 25.2 and 109%, respectively	[37]
15	Wound healing activity	Ethanolic extract	Root	250, 500, and 750 mg/kg p.o.	Vitamin E 200 mg/kg	In vivo incision and excision wound models in nulliparous and nonpregnant healthy female rats	↑ Wound breaking strength in incision model, complete wound contraction was observed on the 22nd day in excision model, ↑ wet weight of granulation tissue, total protein, SOD, GSH, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid levels, ↓ lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide	[30]