Physical Activity and Sleep Improvements in a Group of Equestrian Therapy Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Table 3

Descriptive and contrast statistics.

Subject Age (years)	Variable	Nonparticipation in Equestrian Therapies	Participation in Equestrian Therapies	Mann–Whitney U test	Z	p^a	d^b
122	Activity	2960 ± 1297.04	6760 ± 1786.2	6.0	−3.760	.000^∗∗	2.020
	Total sleep	503.57 ± 50.85	516.75 ± 59.62	67.00	−0.478	.633	0.180
	Deep sleep	271.42 ± 59.84	306.12 ± 70.34	56.50	−1.036	.300	0.400
	Light sleep	239.57 ± 62.83	210.37 ± 45.15	55.00	−1.110	.265	0.439
220	Activity	16592.1 ± 5220.8	19826.5 ± 1346.5	18	−1.095	.273	0.458
	Total sleep	436.21 ± 60.32	437.33 ± 44.29	28	−0.048	.962	0.019
	Deep sleep	235.26 ± 55.05	220 ± 31.19	20	−0.813	.416	0.336
	Light sleep	199.73 ± 63.45	217.33 ± 41.78	23.5	−0.478	.632	0.196
350	Activity	5034.88 ± 1325.85	8751 ± 626.16	0.0	−3.162	.002^∗∗	1.450
	Total sleep	443.5 ± 28.77	482.25 ± 56.06	26	−1.446	.148	0.557
	Deep sleep	280 ± 50.33	310.25 ± 34.63	32	−1.051	.293	0.398
	Light sleep	162.83 ± 39.63	172 ± 27.36	37.5	−0.690	.490	0.258
448	Activity	17587.76 ± 6446.9	17317.66 ± 4549	55	−0.467	.641	0.177
	Total sleep	408.68 ± 115.68	406.66 ± 125.46	60	−0.336	.737	0.127
	Deep sleep	250.36 ± 98.81	256.16 ± 98.11	66	0.000	1.000	0.000
	Light sleep	171.95 ± 68.85	170 ± 98.89	62.5	−0.196	.845	0.074
524	Activity	12804.16 ± 4450.4	18570.0 ± 4629.81	42	−2.517	.012^∗∗	0.957
	Total sleep	395.88 ± 84.17	548.62 ± 84.72	17	−3.487	.000^∗∗	1.527
	Deep sleep	186.96 ± 48.80	248.75 ± 54.63	37.50	−2.626	.009^∗∗	1.027
	Light sleep	208.52 ± 59.00	299.87 ± 97.73	42.0	−2.437	.015^∗∗	0.936
644	Activity	16345 ± 6739.34	19237.66 ± 360.69	18.0	−1.095	.273	0.388
	Total sleep	445.8 ± 107.12	487.66 ± 46.52	19.0	-1.004	.315	0.355
	Deep sleep	70.15 ± 27.11	84.31 ± 56.58	30	0.000	1.000	0.000
	Light sleep	383.55 ± 92.77	403.43 ± 90.86	26	−0.365	.715	0.127
723	Activity	10796.52 ± 3391.1	18896.54 ± 4020.1	10.00	−4.151	.000^∗∗	2.323
	Total sleep	512.50 ± 100.13	501.08 ± 92.41	100.50	−0.319	.750	0.116
	Deep sleep	210.6 ± 70.38	215.5 ± 77.43	100.50	−0.319	.750	0.116
	Light sleep	301.82 ± 56.84	285.63 ± 69.66	89.50	−0.786	.432	0.290
823	Activity	11766.87 ± 3681.5	15514.50 ± 3537.2	34.00	−2.424	.015^∗∗	1.080
	Total sleep	467.46 ± 96.94	467.00 ± 88.44	71.50	−0.194	.846	0.077
	Deep sleep	158.33 ± 31.98	193.30 ± 80.08	59.50	−0.860	.390	0.349
	Light sleep	309.13 ± 71.24	283.70 ± 49.68	56.00	−1.054	.292	0.431
921	Activity	13875.16 ± 6079.2	19839.75 ± 1657.5	32.00	−2.785	.005^∗∗	1.101
	Total sleep	457.28 ± 79.94	436.62 ± 57.76	78.50	−0.903	.366	0.311
	Deep sleep	139.37 ± 49.08	127.12 ± 23.89	85.50	−0.457	.648	0.151
	Light sleep	322.91 ± 66.06	319.00 ± 66	93.5	−0.273	.785	0.092
1024	Activity	8201.64 ± 3115.52	15169.36 ± 3393.3	11.00	−3.613	.000^∗∗	2.092
	Total sleep	481.42 ± 45.08	498.27 ± 36.76	52.50	−1.342	.180	0.557
	Deep sleep	130.78 ± 70.03	157.63 ± 43.76	44.00	−1.807	.071	0.775
	Light sleep	372.64 ± 112.44	340.63 ± 40.71	70.00	−0.383	.702	0.153

^ap (level of statistical significance: ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01). ^bCohen’s d: small effect 0.2–0.49, medium effect 0.5–0.79, and large effect >0.8.