A Brief Review of Natural Products with Urate Transporter 1 Inhibition for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia

Table 1

Natural products with an URAT1 inhibitory effect.

Category	Name	Common or primary source	Cell lines/model	Dosage	Ref.
Flavones	Nobiletin	Citrus fruits	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 17.6 μM/l	[40]
	Baicalein	Scutellaria baicalensis	URAT1 and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	IC50 = 31.56 μM/l and 200 mg/kg, respectively	[41]
	Apigenin	The leafy herbs parsley and dried chamomile flowers	URAT1, URAT1-expressing HK-2 cells and hyperuricemia nephropathy mice	IC50 = 0.64 μM/l, 3.125–100 μM/l and 100 mg/kg	[42, 43]
	Chrysin	Propolis, blue passion flower, and honey	High fructose corn syrup-induced hyperuricemia rats	50–100 mg/kg	[44]
	Luteolin	Fruits and vegetable	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	3–10 mg/kg	[45]
	Luteolin-4′-O-glucoside	Fruits and vegetable	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–100 mg/kg	[45]
Flavonols	Fisetin	Vegetables and fruits	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	50–100 mg/kg	[46]
	Morin	Plants and fruits of the Moraceae family	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–40 mg/kg	[47, 48]
	Rutin	Vegetables and fruits	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	25–100 mg/kg	[49]
	Gossypetin	Flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 31.3 μM/l	[50]
	Quercetagetin	Tagetes flowers	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 18.4 μM/l	[50]
	Quercetin	Vegetables and fruits	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 12.6 μM/l	[50]
Flavonones	Naringenin	Citrus fruits	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 16.1 μM/l	[51]
	Hesperetin	Citrus fruits	URAT1-expressing 293A cells	IC50 = 17.6 μM/l	[51]
	Isobavachin	Psoralea corylifolia L.	URAT1-expressing HEK293 cells and hyperuricemia mice	IC50 = 0.39 μM/l and 10 mg/kg, respectively	[52]
Flavanols	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Green tea	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–50 mg/kg	[53]
Flavanonols	Astilbin	Smilax glabra	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	5–20 mg/kg	[54, 55]
Isoflavones	Genistein	Leguminoseae plants	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–20 mg/kg	[56].
Xanthones	Mangiferin	Mangifera indica L.	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	1.5–24.0 mg/kg	[57]
	Mangiferin aglycon	Mangifera indica L.	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–30 mg/kg	[58]
Coumarins	Psoralen	Cullen corylifolium	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[59]
	Isopsoralen	Cullen corylifolium	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[59]
	Imperatorin	Angelica dahurica and Angelica sinensis	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[59]
	Isoimperatorin	Angelica dahurica and Angelica sinensis	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[59]
	Xanthotoxin	Zanthoxylum bungeanum	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[59]
	Fraxetin	Fraxinus chinensis	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[60]
	Fraxin	Fraxinus chinensis	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[60]
	Osthol	Clinopodium megalanthum	URAT1 and potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	IC50 = 78.8 μM/l and 20–40 mg/kg	[61]
Stilbenes	Resveratrol	Grapes, soybeans, berries, pomegranate, and peanuts	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–40 mg/kg	[62]
	Polydatin	Polygonum cuspidatum	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[63]
	Mulberroside A	Morus alba L.	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	10–40 mg/kg	[64]
Terpenes	Loganin	Cornus officinalis	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–40 mg/kg	[63]
	Geniposide	Gardenia jasminoides	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	100–200 mg/kg	[65]
	13β, 18-dihydroeurycomanol	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	Δ^4,5,14-hydroxyglaucarubol	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	13β, 21-dihydroxyeurycomanol	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	Eurycomanol	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	13β, 21-dihydroxyeurycomanone	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	13α21-epoxyeurycomanone	Eurycoma longifolia	URAT1-expressing HEK293T cells	50 μM/l	[66]
	Emodinol	Elaeagus pungens	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	25–100 mg/kg	[67]
Alkaloids	Betaine	Beet	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	5–40 mg/kg	[68]
	Nuciferine	Nelumbo nucifera	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	5–40 mg/kg	[69]
	Berberine	Coptis chinensis and Phellodendron chinense	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	6.25–25.0 mg/kg	[70]
	Dihydroberberine	Coptis chinensis and Phellodendron chinense	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	25–50 mg/kg	[71]
Steroids	Dioscin	Fenugreek plant	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	319.22–1276.86 mg/kg	[72]
	Tigogenin	Agave sisalana	URAT1-expressing HCT116 cells	10–100 μM/l	[73]
	Withaferin A	Withania somnifera	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	3–10 mg/kg	[74]
Phenolic acids	Chlorogenic acid	Honeysuckle	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	0.75 mmol/l	[75]
Acetophenone	2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone	Ganoderma applanatum	Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice	20–80 mg/kg	[76]