Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 1

Pathological events produce type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The events that lead to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as accompanying biomarkers, are represented schematically. A mix of constitutional and inherited factors produces type 2 diabetes. These factors favor insulin resistance in the early phases of disease progression, which is accompanied by greater insulin and C-peptide concentrations as a counter-regulatory mechanism. As a result, the pancreatic beta cells may be dysregulated, resulting in decreased glucose tolerance. Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of beta-cell insufficiency, which is accompanied by insufficiently decreased insulin and C-peptide secretion and plasma concentrations as the situation worsens. On the other hand, type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by a combination of inherited and environmental factors. The earliest stage of type 1 diabetes progression is a mystery. Activating immune cells is hypothesized to set off an autoimmune response, which involves the production of high-affinity autoantibodies against pancreatic beta-cell antigens. Insulin and C-peptide insufficiency develops after beta-cell loss, eventually leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus.