Antiosteoporosis Studies of 20 Medicine Food Homology Plants Containing Quercetin, Rutin, and Kaempferol: TCM Characteristics, In Vivo and In Vitro Activities, Potential Mechanisms, and Food Functions

Table 1

The list of 20 medicine food homology plants and their TCM characteristics.

Classification in TCM^&	Botanical name	English name^#(Chinese name)	Nature	Flavor	Attributive to meridian tropism	Efficiency in TCM
Heat-clearing CMHs	Portulaca oleracea	Purslane (Machixian)	Cold	Sour	Intestine, liver, and spleen	Clears away heat and relieves toxins, cools the blood, and stops bleeding.
	Houttuynia cordata	Heartleaf Houttuynia herb (Yuxingcao)	Slight cold	Pungent	Lung	Clears away heat and relieves toxins, treats carbuncle and promotes pus drainage, and promotes diuresis to treat stranguria.
	Prunella vulgaris	Common selfheal spike (Xiakucao)	Cold	Bitter and pungent	Liver and gallbladder	Clears away liver-fire and disperses stagnation.
	Canarium album	Immature Tomentosa Terminalia (Qingguo)	Cool	Sweet and sour	Stomach and lung	Clears away heat and relieves toxins, eases the throat, and resolves phlegm.
	Hovenia acerba	Raisin tree seed (Zhijuzi)	Neutral	Sweet and bitter	Stomach	Clears away heat and promotes diuresis, and relieves alcohol toxins.
	Cichorium intybus	Chicory (Juju)	Cool	Bitter and salty	Spleen, liver, and bladder	Clears away liver-fire, relieves constipation, and promotes diuresis.
Tonics	Panax ginseng	Ginseng (Renshen)	Neutral	Sweet and slightly bitter	Spleen, lung, and heart	Invigorates renal qi, strengthens qi of the spleen and lung, promotes production of the body fluids to quench thirst, and calms the mind to promote intelligence.
	Morus alba	Mulberry fruit (Sangshen)	Cold	Sweet	Heart, liver and kidney	Nourishes yin and enriches the blood, nourishes the liver, and invigorates the kidney.
	Polygonatum sibiricum	Siberian Solomon’s seal rhizome (Huangjing)	Neutral	Sweet	Spleen, lung, and kidney	Moistens the lung and nourishes the kidney, invigorates the kidney, and benefits qi.
	Lycium barbarum	Wolfberry fruit (Gouqizi)	Neutral	Sweet	Liver and kidney	Tonifies the kidney and benefits essence, and nourishes the liver and improves eyesight.
	Rubus chingii	Palmleaf raspberry fruit (Fupenzi)	Warm	Sweet and sour	Liver and kidney	Benefits the kidney to preserve the essence and reduces the frequency of urination, and nourishes the liver to treat eye diseases.
The interior warming CMHs	Eugenia caryophyllata	Clove (Dingxiang)	Warm	Pungent	Spleen, stomach, and kidney	Warms the middle energizer to low the adverse rising qi, and promotes circulation of qi and alleviates pain.
	Zanthoxylum schinifolium /Zanthoxylum bungeanum	Bunge pricklyath pericarp (Huajiao)	Hot	Pungent	Spleen, stomach, and kidney	Warms the middle energizer to alleviate pain.
	Alpinia officinarum	Lesser galangal rhizome (Gaoliangjiang)	Hot	Pungent	Spleen and stomach	Expels cold and relieves pain, and warms the spleen and stomach to stop vomiting.
Diaphoretics with pungent-cool property	Morus alba	Mulberry leaf (Sangye)	Cold	Bitter and sweet	Lung and liver	Expels wind and heat, clears away lung heat and moisturizes dryness, and clears away liver-fire to treat eye diseases.
	Chrysanthemum morifolium	Chrysanthemum flower (Juhua)	Cold	Bitter and pungent	Lung and liver	Expels wind and clears away heat, clears liver-fire to treat eye diseases, and eliminates toxic substances.
Phlegm resolving, antitussive and antiasthmatic CMHs	Siraitia acerba	Siraitia fruit (Luohanguo)	Cool	Sweet	Lung and spleen	Resolves phlegm and arrests cough, clears away lung heat and eases throat, and moistens the intestine to relieve constipation.
	Hippophae rhamnoides	Sea buckthorn fruit (Shaji)	Warm	Sour and astringent	Lung, spleen, stomach, and liver	Resolves phlegm and arrests cough, and nourishes the spleen and stomach.
CMHs for invigorating the blood and removing blood stasis	Crocus sativus	Saffron crocus style and stigma (Xihonghua)	Warm	Pungent	Heart and liver	Promotes blood circulation to remove blood stasis, promotes menstruation, and alleviates pain.
Dampness-removing CMHs	Coix lacryma-jobi	Adlay (Yiyiren)	Cold	Sweet	Spleen, stomach, and lung	Promotes diuresis to resolve dampness and invigorates the spleen, treats Bi-syndrome, and clears away heat to drain the pus.

Notes. Botanical name, Chinese name, natures, flavors, attributive to meridian tropism, and efficiency in TCM are according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China, 2020). ^#English name is according to the Chinese Herbal Medicine Name Dictionary (Z. W. Xie, Beijing Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China, 2004). ^&Classification in TCM is according to the Science of Chinese Materia Medica (D. C. Tang and J. Y. Xun, Publishing House of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China, 2003). Abbreviations: TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; CMHs, Chinese medicine herbs.