Botanical name Model Dose Route Intervention time Main improved results Reference Portulaca oleracea The extract in LPS-induced osteolysis male mice. 250 mg/kg Administered orally Every 2 days for 8 days Bone loss, bone erosion, and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts↓ [13 ] BV/TV, Tb.Sp, and Tb.N↑ Houttuynia cordata The essential oil in OVX mice. 10 and 20 mg/kg I.g. 12 weeks ALP, TRAP, TNF-α , IL-1β , and MDA↓ [39 ] SOD, parameters of bone morphometry , and biomechanical properties↑ Prunella vulgaris The flavonoids in OVX rats. 10% I.g. 12 weeks ALP, the number of osteoclasts, and bone resorption perimeter percentage↓ [40 ] OPG, BMD, and the relative volume and thickness of trabecular bone↑ Hovenia acerba (1) The extract in normal 8-week-old male mice. 200 mg/kg I.p. 5 sequential days each week for 4 weeks Trabecular bone, BV/TV and Tb.N, femoral bone mass, and thickness and area of femoral cortical bone↑ [18 ] Trabecular or cortical femoral bone loss↓ (2) Methyl vanillate in OVX mice. Administrated orally 5 sequential days each week for 4 weeks BV/TV, Tb.N, trabecular bone volume↑ Cichorium intybus (1) Chicory inulins and a mixture of inulins-isoflavones in OVX rats. 385 mg/day In water 2 months BMD↑ [41 ] (2) Chicory inulin in growing male rats. 5 and 10 g/100 g diet In diet 22 weeks WBBMC and WBBMD↑ [42 ] (3) A purified native inulin, a reformulated inulin, and a dehydrated chicory in young male rats. 7.5% inulin in the diet In diet 3 months Mg absorption, BMD, and breaking load↑ [43 ] (4) The chicory extracts in GIOP rats. 100 mg/kg Administrated orally 3 times per week for 8 weeks Ca, P, BMD, BMC↑ [44 ] PTH, ALP↓ Panax ginseng (1) Ginseng on osteoporosis in OVX rats in which inflammation was induced. 100 and 200 mg/kg Administrated orally 20 days BMD↑ [45 ] OC, TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6↓ (2) Ginsenoside Rg3 in OVX rats 20 mg/kg I.p. Every 2 days for 5 weeks Thickness, number, and density of trabeculae, osteogenesis↑ [19 ] (3) Ginseng extracts in 112-week-old male rats. 300 mg/kg/day Administrated orally 8 weeks Total BMD in the tibia，osteoblast↑ [46 ] Morus alba The extract in OVX rats. 0.5% or 1% Tube feeding 8 weeks ALP, fragile structure was reduced↓ [47 ] Trabecular thickness↑ Polygonatum sibiricum (1) The polysaccharide in OVX rats. 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg I.g. Every 2 days for 35 days BMD, BGP↑ [48 ] ALP, TRAP, and TNF-α ↓ (2) The polysaccharide on osteoporotic fracture, which is established by OVX rats. 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg I.g. 8 weeks TRAP and PINP↓ [49 ] ALP, OPG, the maximum tibial load, elastic load, BMD, BGP, GPR48, and BMP-2 protein↑ Lycium barbarum The extract in OVX mice. 1 and 100 mg/kg Administrated orally 6 weeks. BMC, BMD, CON, calcium↑ [50 ] Hypertrophy of the epiphyseal plate ↓ Eugenia caryophyllata The extract in OVX rats. Administrated orally 4 weeks AP, TRAP, urinary phosphate, and creatinine↓ [51 ] Ca, bone density, bone mineral content, bone tensile strength↑ Alpinia officinarum The extract in OVX rats. 300 mg/kg I.g. 12 weeks OP↓ [30 ] Bone strength↑ Crocus sativus (1) Crocin in OVX rats. 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg Administrated orally 16 weeks BMD of L4 vertebrae and femurs, skeletal remodeling, bone-turnover markers↑ [52 ] Oxidative stress status in bone tissue↓ (2) Crocin in metabolic syndrome-induced osteoporosis rats. 5 and 10 mg/kg I.g. 5 sequential days each week for 12 weeks OCN, longitudinal, and perpendicular forces of femurs↑ [53 ] TRAP, CTX1, IL-6, TNF-α , oxidative stress in femur distal epiphysis tissues↓ Morus alba The combined extract of mulberry leaf and Polygonum odoratum in OVX rats. 5, 150, and 300 mg/kg Administrated orally 3 months Oxidative stress and osteoclast density↓ [54 ] Osteoblast density and cortical thickness, serum Ca, ALP, and OCN↑ Chrysanthemum morifolium Linarin in OVX mice 50 and 150 mg/kg I.g. 8 weeks BMD, BV/TV, BS/TV, and Tb.N↑ [32 ] ALP and OCN↓ Coix lacryma-jobi (1) The adlay diet and adlay extract in OVX mice. 10% and 30% in diet In diet 4 weeks ALP, Ca, and BMD↑ [37 ] (2) The extract in OVX rats. 300 μ g/mL Administrated orally 4 weeks ALP, Ca↑ [38 ] TRAP↓
Notes .
Botanical name are according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China, 2020). Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMD, bone mineral density; BGP, bone Gla protein; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2; BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; CTXI; collagen cross-linking carboxy-terminal telopeptide, type I; GIOP, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; GPR48, G protein-coupled receptor 48; IL-1
β , interleukin-1
β ; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MDA, malondialdehyde; OCN, osteocalcin; OP, osteopontin; OPG, osteoprotegerin; OVX, ovariectomy; PINP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; TNF-
α , tumor necrosis factor-
α ; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; WBBMC, whole-body bone mineral content; WBBMD, whole-body bone mineral density.
