“A Review of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock, A Plant for Traditional Medicine: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties”

Table 2

Pharmacological activity (in-vitro and in-vivo) of P. nigrescens.

Pharmacological activity	Plant part	Type of extract	Isolated compound tested	Dose range (mg/kg)	Reported active dose (mg/kg)	Experimental models/haematological and biochemical markers	Duration of the experiment	References
Antianemic	Leaves	Aqueous		2000–2500	2500	Phenylhydrazine-induced	7 days	[41]
	Leaves	Aqueous		1000	1000	Alloxan monohydrate-induced	14 weeks	[25]
Antidiabetic	Whole plant	Aqueous		200–800	400, 800	Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced	14 weeks	[48]
	Leaves	Aqueous		0–1000	1000	Alloxan-induced (5%w/v)	4 weeks	[25]
		Methanol		100–200	200	Alloxan-induced (120 mg/kg)	4 weeks	[42]
		Methanol		100–200	100	Alloxan-induced (120 mg/kg)	4 weeks	[33, 42]
		Methanol	Phytol	250	250	Alloxan-induced (120 mg/kg)	4 weeks	[33]
		Methanol	Squalene	3	3	Alloxan-induced (120 mg/kg)	4 weeks	[33]
	Root bark	Ethyl acetate fraction	Convallatoxin	20	20	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic	10 days	[50]
Antihyperlipidemic	Whole plant	Aqueous		200–800	200, 400	Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced	14 days	[48]
	Root	Aqueous		50–150	50	Automated analyzer (roche, HITACHI).	21 days	[26]
Antioxidant	Leaves	Aqueous		50	50	Fe2+/ascorbate-induced	9 days	[3]
	Stem bark	Methanol		50	50	Fe2+/ascorbate-induced	9 days	[3]
		Methanol (ethyl acetate fraction)	Flavonoid	50	50	Fe2+/ascorbate-induced	9 days	[3]
	Roots	Aqueous		50–150	100	RANSOD kit (randox, crumlin, England)	21 days	[26]
	Leaves and stem	Essential oil		0.25–1.0	1.0	2, 2-diphenylpicryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay	48 hours	[53]
	Leaves	Methanol		500–1000	500	Ischemia-reperfusion induced	7 days	[52]
	Leaves	Ethanol		100–200	100	Isoproterenol-induced (85 mg/kg)	6 weeks	[54]
	Aerial parts	Polyphenol-rich fraction		100–200	200	Dichlorvos-induced cardio- and renal toxicity	14 days	[28]
Antiulcerogenic	Leaves	Hexane		500–1000	500	Ethanol-induced gastric ulceration	14 days	[55]
		Chloroform		500–1000	1000	Ethanol-induced gastric ulceration	14 days	[55]
		Aqueous		100–500	100	Ethanol-induced gastric ulceration	14 days	[5]
Antimicrobial	Leaves	Aqueous		6–18	3 to >18	Antibiotic susceptibility test; agar diffusion method, spread plate method	28–48 hours	[5]
		Ethanol		6–18	15 to >18	Antibiotic susceptibility test; agar diffusion method, spread plate method	28–48 hours	[5]
		Aqueous		50–200	50	Antibiotic susceptibility test; spread plate method	21 days	[71]
		Ethanol		50–200	200	Antibiotic susceptibility test; spread plate method	21 days	[71]
	Leaves	Aqueous		50–300	300, 200	Antibiotic susceptibility; agar well diffusion method	28–48 hours	[74]
		Ethanol		200	200	Standard inoculum of salmonella typhi	7 days	[6]
Antisickling	Leaves and stem	Aqueous-methanol		0–5	5	Sodium metabisulphite -induced	14 days	[23]
	Leaves	Hydroethanolic		0.05–10	10	Sodium metabisulfite- induced	14 days	[57]
Antimalarial	Leaves	Aqueous		150	150	Standard inocula (5×106) of chloroquine sensitive plasmodium berghei (NK 65)	18 days	[59]
Antidiarrheal	Roots	Methanol		25–100	100	Castor oil-induced diarrhea	28 days	[34]
	Leaves	Methanol		100–1000		Castor oil-induced diarrhea E. coli induced diarrhea	28 days	[40]
	Leaves	Aqueous–methanol		5–200	200	Castor oil-induced diarrhea	4 weeks	[63]
Anti-inflammatory	Leaves	Aqueous		50–200	200	Cotton pellet granuloma- induced carrageenan oedema -induced formaldehyde- induced	4 weeks	[64]
Analgesic activity	Leaves	Aqueous		50–200	200	Formalin paw licking- induced hot plate latency- induced	4 weeks	[64]
Antipyretic	Leaves	Aqueous		50–200	200	brewer’s yeast- induced	4 weeks	[64]
Antinociceptive	Fruit bark	Methanol		50–200	200	Formalin and acetic acid-induced	4 weeks	[65]
asthmatic	Leaves	Aqueous		400–800	400	Antigen-induced broncho spasms	14 days	[62]
Toxicity	Leaves	Aqueous		2000–8000	400	Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and Lorke’s method	29 days	[43]
	Leaves	Aqueous		400–1600	800	Haematological and biochemical analysis, randox test kit, cynomethaemoglobin method	6 weeks	[27]
	Leaves	Methanol		500–5000	All	Alloxan monohydrate-induced	28 days	[42]
	Leaves and aerial part	Methanol		100–1000	1000	Haematological and biochemical analysis, HPLC profile	35 days	[68]
Cytotoxicity	Leaves	Methanol		0.1–100	100	HaCaT keratinocytes	35 days	[68]
	Leaves	Ethanol		0.1–100	8.33	(3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, methylene blue and trypan blue exclusion assay	72 hours	[69]
	Leaves	Essential oil		10–1000	100, 1000	Brine shrimp lethality assay	48 hours	[53]
	Stem	Essential oil		10–1000	1000	Brine shrimp lethality assay	48 hours	[53]
	Leaves	Aqueous		1–50	10, 20	Allium cepa assay	14 days	[46]
Antineurotoxicity	Leaves	Hydroethanolic		250–500	500	D-galactose-induced	6 Weeks	[70]
Aphrodisiac	Root	Aqueous		50–150	100	Heamatological and biochemical analysis	3 weeks	[76]
	Leaves	Aqueous		20–80	80	Paroxetine hydrochloride- induced	7 days	[21]
Antiamnesiac	Stem	Methanol		250–1000	250, 500	Elevated plus maze, barnes maze and novel object recognition test, open field test, and diazepam induced amnesia	14 days	[77]
Polycystic ovarian syndrome	Leaves	Aqueous		50–200	100	Mifepristone-induced (7.14 mg/kg)	30 days	[78]
Anti-insecticidal	Leaves	Hydro-distillation essential oil		50–250	150, 200, 250	Maize weevil (sitophilus zeamais)	72 hours	[82]
testicular injury	Leaves	Hydroethanolic		250–500	500	D-galactose-induced	6 weeks	[37]

Source: Pharmacological activity (in-vitro and in-vivo) of P. nigrescens was generated by the Authors’.