Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulates Th17/Treg Balance in Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 1

Interventional effect of Chinese herbal monomers and Chinese herbal components on Th17/Treg balance in IBD.

Name	Th17/Treg balance mechanisms	Model	References
Paeoniflorin	By regulating DC	TNBS mice	[36, 37]
Curcumin	Regulated by inhibition of IL-23/Th17 pathway	DSS mice	[40]
6-Gingerol	Suppression of upregulation of the Th17 cells transcription factor RORγt and downregulation of the Treg cells transcription factor Foxp3	DSS mice	[43, 44]
Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside	Downregulation of RORC and STAT3 expression inhibited Th17 cells differentiation, upregulated Foxp3, and promoted Treg cells formation	TNBS mice	[47]
Baicalein	Activation of AhR promotes Treg cells differentiation, decreases IL-6, and increases TGF-β to impede the onset of Th17 cells differentiation	DSS mice	[50]
Berberine	Downregulation of TGF-β expression inhibits the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells and activates AhR transcription factors, which cause Treg cell differentiation by upregulating CYP1A1 and increasing Foxp3 expression	DSS mice	[53–55]
Alpinetin	Activation of AhR, promoting miR-302 expression, simultaneous downregulating DNMT-1 expression, decreased methylation levels of Foxp3 promoter region, promoting CREB binding to Foxp3 promoter region, and upregulated expression of Foxp3, thus promoting Treg cells differentiation	DSS mice	[58]
Abelmoschus manihot	Reduce the expression of the Th17 cells transcription factor RORγt and enhance the expression of the Treg cells transcription factor Foxp3	DSS mice	[60]
Daphnetin	Reduce the generation of Th17 cells and inhibit the differentiation of Treg cells	DSS mice	[63]
Timosaponin AIII	By inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway	TNBS mice	[66]
Poncirin	Inhibit the differentiation of splenocytes into Th17 cells and increase the differentiation of splenocytes into Treg cells	TNBS mice	[68]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Inhibition of STAT3 and HIF-1α protein expression decreased RORγt expression, thereby reducing Th17 cell production. Downregulation of IL-6 reduces its suppression of Treg cells	DSS mice	[70]
Madecassic acid	Regulate PPARγ/AMPK/ACC1 pathway to restore	DSS mice	[72]
Costunolide	Trigger the PHD2-triggered proline hydroxylation-ubiquitination-proteasome degradation of HIF-1α, inactivate the glycolytic process in Th17 cells, and decrease the percentage of Th17 cells	DSS mice	[75]
Polydatin	Downregulate the STAT3 signaling pathway and inhibit Th17 cells differentiation	DSS and TNBS mice	[78]
Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.	Inhibition of IL-6 production and secretion, transduction of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, and polarization of Th17	DSS mice	[79]
Indigo naturalis	Regulated by affecting the GPR41/43 signaling pathway	DSS rat	[81]

Abbreviations. AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AMPK: adenosine 5′-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase; ACC1: acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1; CYP1A1: cytochromeP4501A1; CREB: cAMP-response element binding protein; DC: dendritic cells; DNMT-1: DNA methyltransferase-1; Foxp3: forkhead-like protein 3; GPR41: G protein-coupled receptor 41; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor -1alpha; IL: interleukin; miR-302: microRNA-302; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-B; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; PHD2: prolyl hydroxylase 2; RORγt: retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamm; RORC:retinoic acid-related orphan receptor; STAT3: transcription protein 3; STAT3: transcription protein 3; TGF: transforming growth factor; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4.