Fibropreventive and Antifibrotic Effects of Uncaria gambir on Rats with Pulmonary Fibrosis

Figure 8

Mechanism of (a) fibropreventive and (b) antifibrotic of gambir. (a) (1) Gambir and green tea were given initially to suppress the production of ECM by interrupting the activation of type 1 pulmonary epithelial cells, suppressing the activities of ROS, mediators, and inflammatory cells, followed by the administration of bleomycin at the beginning of weeks 2 and 4. (2) The damage to type 1 pulmonary epithelial tissue is decreased. (3) The activities of ROS, inflammatory cells (including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and the activities of the inflammatory mediators TGF-β1, NF-κB, and TIMP-1/collagen decreased. (4) The activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblast proliferation decreased. (5) The deposition of the extracellular matrix (especially in FP GT) decreased. b) (2) Bleomycin was given first to initiate fibrosis, followed by the administration of gambir and green tea at the beginning of week 3 to lyse ECM and suppression of the activation of type 1 epithelial cells. (2) Type 2 pulmonary epithelial damage improved. (3) The activities of ROS, inflammatory cells (including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes), and inflammatory mediator TGF-β1, NF-κB, and TIMP-1/collagen expression levels were suppressed. (4) The activation level of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts decreased. (5) Lysis of the extracellular matrix occurred (especially in AF G262).

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