Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution Identification Based on Objective Facial and Tongue Features: A Delphi Study and a Diagnostic Nomogram for Blood Stasis Constitution

Table 5

Characteristics of participants in the primary and validation groups.

Characteristic	Primary group			Validation group
	BSC (−)	BSC (+)		BSC (−)	BSC (+)
	n = 152	n = 62		n = 63	n = 19
Sex			<0.01			0.03
Male	53 (34.9%)	6 (9.7%)		19 (30%)	1 (5%)
Female	99 (65.1%)	56 (90.3%)		44 (70%)	18 (95%)
Age (mean ± SD)	42.6 ± 11.5	50.0 ± 11.9	<0.01	41.9 ± 12.9	48.6 ± 11.1	0.05
BMI			0.13			0.48
BMI < 18.5	13 (8.6%)	4 (6.5%)		6 (10%)	1 (5%)
18.5 < BMI ≤ 24	108 (71.1%)	37 (59.7%)		40 (63%)	10 (53%)
24 < BMI ≤ 28	30 (19.7%)	19 (30.6%)		16 (25%)	7 (37%)
BMI > 28	1 (0.7%)	2 (3.2%)		1 (2%)	1 (5%)
Hair volume			<0.01			0.19
Less	9 (5.9%)	21 (33.9%)		4 (6%)	4 (21%)
Normal	113 (74.3%)	34 (54.8%)		47 (75%)	12 (63%)
More	30 (19.7%)	7 (11.3%)		12 (19%)	3 (16%)
Hair oil secretion			<0.01			0.09
Dry	14 (9.2%)	19 (30.6%)		5 (8%)	4 (21%)
Normal	119 (78.3%)	26 (41.9%)		49 (78%)	10 (53%)
Oily	19 (12.5%)	17 (27.4%)		9 (14%)	5 (26%)
Face-color-black	0.8 ± 1.4	1.2 ± 1.5	0.04	0.7 ± 1.6	0.9 ± 1.4	0.69
Face-color-dark	1.3 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 1.9	<0.01	1.2 ± 1.8	2.2 ± 1.5	0.04
Lip-color- dark purple	1.5 ± 2.0	2.8 ± 2.1	<0.01	1.3 ± 1.9	2.1 ± 2.0	0.12
Susceptibility-facial pigmentation/chloasma/ecchymosis	2.1 ± 2.0	3.7 ± 1.9	<0.01	2.5 ± 2.1	4.7 ± 2.1	<0.01
Eyelid-dark circles	1.7 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 1.5	<0.01	1.9 ± 1.1	2.4 ± 1.6	0.15
Zygomatic-texture-red blood streaks	0.2 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 1.2	<0.01	0.3 ± 0.7	0.5 ± 1.2	0.24
Tongue-color-dark purple	0.8 ± 1.5	1.9 ± 2.2	<0.01	0.8 ± 1.7	1.7 ± 1.6	0.06
Tongue-texture-bruise	0.2 ± 0.9	0.5 ± 1.5	0.03	0.2 ± 0.8	0.3 ± 0.7	0.61
Sublingual vein-varicose and dark purple	1.9 ± 1.5	3.8 ± 1.7	<0.01	2.0 ± 1.9	4.7 ± 1.8	<0.01

Note: value <0.05.