Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review

Table 2

Summary of the human studies on the effect of garlic on NAFLD.

Reference	Number and type of subjects	Sample size	Age	Dosage and type of administration	Sources	Study duration	Maine outcome
Kim et al. [31]	Human with NAFLD (n = 36)	75	20–75	40 g/day	China	12 weeks	Significant decrease: GGT, ALT significant increase; Insulin sensitivity, GSH, TAC, shbg,; Nonsignificant change: hs-CRP, LDL, HDL, TG, DHEAS, BMI, WC, HC
Sangouni et al. [35]	Human with NAFLD (n = 45)	88	≥18	400 mg/day	Iran	12 weeks	Significant decrease: GGT, ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL, liver steatosis, weight; significant increase: HDL; Nonsignificant change: ALP
Sangouni et al. [34]	Human with NAFLD (n = 45)	88	≥18	400 mg/day	Iran	12 weeks	Significant increase: TAC, SOD, skeletal muscle mass; Significant decrease: HOMA-IR, insulin, FBS, MDA, waist circumference, body fat percent
Leung et al. [95]	Human with NAFLD (n = 41)	41	≥18	1080 mg	Iran	13 weeks	Significant increase: α-linolenic acid arachidic acid; Significant decrease: Palmitoleic acid, 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, 5-HETE and 12-HETE, 9-HETE, and 11-HETE

Family 11 subfamily A member 1, CYP17A1: cytochrome P450 17A1, CYP21: cytochrome P450c21, CAT: catalase, COX: cyclooxygenase, assay, FBG: fasting blood glucose, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, GKG: glucokinase, GPX: glutathione peroxidase, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HMGCR: hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance, HSD3B1: hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1, ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, IGF1: insulin like growth factor 1, IL: interleukin, IR: insulin resistance, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LH: luteinizing hormone, and MDA: malondialdehyde.