Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

The Effect of Mind-Body Exercise on Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 2

Studies included for meta-analysis.
Author (Year) Country [References]SubjectSampleSexAgeTrainingExercise intensity (heart rate)InterventionControlOutcome MeasuredAdverse event; follow-up
YearsRangFrequency (weekly)Time (min)Duration (weeks)
Young (1999) Korea [10]Hypertension62Tai chi (female): 77.4Tai chi: 64.5 ± 5.160∼804∼530∼451240%∼60%Tai chi exerciseAerobic exercise or walking or dancingSBP、DBPNo; Yes
Aerobic (female): 80.7Aerobic: 67.0 ± 7.9
Tsai (2003) China/Taiwan [11]Hypertension76Tai chi (male/female): 19/20;Tai chi: 51.6 ± 16.345∼753501264%Tai chi exerciseSedentarySBP、DBPNo; Yes
Sedentary (male/female): 19/18Sedentary: 50.5 ± 9.8
Wolf (2006) USA [12]Hypertension311Tai chi(male/female): 10/148;Tai chi: 81.0 ± 6.470∼9726016—Tai chi exerciseWellness educationSBP、DBPNo; Yes
Wellness education (male/female): 10/143Wellness education: 80.8 ± 5.9
Lo (2012) China/Taiwan [7]Hypertension58——50∼653608—Tai chi + routine careRoutine careSBP、DBPNo; No
Sun (2015) China [13]Hypertension266Tai chi (male/female): 19/117;Tai chi/control: ≥4545∼80512048—Tai chiActive controlSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 29/101
Pan (2015) China [14]Phase I EH Phase II EH hypertension40Tai chi (male/female): 14/10;Tai chi: 56.37 ± 3.9550∼706601260%Tai chiStretching or WalkingSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 10/6Control: 56.88 ± 3.95
Xiao (2016) China [15]Essential hypertension48—Baduanjin/control: 65.6 ± 7.8≥4554024—BaduanjinUsual activitySBP、DBPNo; No
Lee (2003) Korea [16]Essential hypertension58Qi gong (male/female): 10/19;Qi gong: 55.8 ± 6.3≥45—301050%∼60%Qi gongWaiting listSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 13/16Control: 57.1 ± 7.6
Lee (2004) Korea [17]Essential hypertension36—Qi gong: 52.6 ± 5.1; Control: 54.3 ± 5.540∼652608—Qi gongWaiting listSBP、DBPNo; No
Pan (2010) China [18]Grade 1 hypertension48Baduanjin (male/female): 13/11;Baduanjin: 61.4 ± 7.1≥5559024—Baduanjin + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 14/10Control: 62.1 ± 5.8
Liang (2014) China [19]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension60Baduanjin (male/female): 18/12;Baduanjin: 55.7 ± 8.8—5402470%Baduanjin + medicineWalking + medicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 20/10Control: 54.8 ± 7.6
Lin (2013) China [20]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension127Qi gong (male/female): 31/37;—≥5563024—Qi gong + medicineRegular life + medicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 27/32
He (2015) China [21]Essential hypertension84Baduanjin (male/female): 22/10;Baduanjin: 68.51 ± 2.9759∼7453012—Baduanjin + usual care + medicineUsual care + medicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 19/23Control: 69.24 ± 2.45
Chen (2015) China [22]Essential hypertension60Baduanjin (male/female): 14/16;Baduanjin: 60∼7560∼753∼46012—Baduanjin + usual educationUsual educationSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 17/13Control: 62∼73
Lin (2014) China [23]Grade 1 hypertension55Baduanjin (male/female): 14/13;Baduanjin: 61.26 ± 3.7460∼7576012—Baduanjin + usual careMedicine + usual careSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 12/16Control: 62.03 ± 3.51
Miao (2018) China [24]Hypertension60Baduanjin (male/female): 23/7;Baduanjin: 73.10 ± 5.7765∼826304—Baduanjin + usual careMedicine + usual careSBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 20/10Control: 73.25 ± 4.85
Fu (2014) China [25]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension60Qi gong (male/female): 20/10;Qi gong: 57.93 ± 6.6345∼696401250%∼70%Qigong + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 19/11Control: 59.53 ± 7.46
Cai (2016) China [26]Grade 1 hypertension113Baduanjin (male/female): 22/34;Baduanjin: 60.89 ± 9.71≥45530∼4048—Baduanjin + usual educationMedicine + usual careSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 22/35Control: 61.33 ± 8.24
Mao (2006) China [27]Essential hypertension62Tai chi (male/female): 13/38;Tai chi: 62.245∼72660850%∼60%Tai chi + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 2/9Control: 63.3
Tang (2009) China [28]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension32Tai chi (male/female): 10/6;Tai chi: 63.65 ± 8.7160∼703∼530∼602450%∼70%Tai chi + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 9/7Control: 62.79 ± 7.43
Han (2010) China [29]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension60Male/female: 38/22Tai chi/control: 62.12 ± 10.5145∼75—45∼604850%∼60%Tai chi + usual careUsual careSBP、DBPNo; yes
Wang (2011) China [30]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension60Male/female: 18/42—50∼705551640%∼59%Tai chiRegular lifeSBP、DBPNo; No
Sun (2014) China [31]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension80Tai chi (male/female): 14/24;Tai chi: 68.16 ± 4.4360∼7571208—Tai chiEducationSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 24/18Control: 69.10 ± 4.28
Xie (2014) China [32]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension50Tai chi (male/female): 11/14;—60∼7056012—Tai chiRegular lifeSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 14/11
Lu (2015) China [33]Essential hypertension25—Tai chi/control: 62.00 ± 3.59≥456601640%∼60%Tai chiRegular lifeSBP、DBPNo; No
Jing (2011) China [34]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension31—Tai chi: 57.53 ± 6.3545∼653601040%∼60%Tai chiRegular lifeSBP、DBPNo; No
Control: 59.12 ± 6.26
Liang (2016) China [35]Hypertension60Baduanjin (male/female): 17/13;Baduanjin: 68.1 ± 10.165∼7573012—Baduanjin + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 16/14Control: 70.5 ± 10.2
Chen (2012) China [36]Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension80Baduanjin (male/female): 25/15;Baduanjin: 59.0 ± 6.050∼7232024—Baduanjin + medicineMedicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 23/17Control: 60.0 ± 5.0
Zheng (2014) China [37]Essential hypertension55Baduanjin (male/female): 13/14;Baduanjin: 69.23 ± 3.7260∼7553012—Baduanjin + usual care + medicineUsual care + medicineSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 16/12Control: 70.06 ± 3.51
Yang (2013) China [38]Essential hypertension60Baduanjin (male/female): 14/16;Baduanjin: 62.1 ± 5.849∼71——48—Baduanjin + health educationHealth educationSBP、DBPNo; No
Control (male/female): 17/13Control: 61.4 ± 7.1
SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.