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Author (Year) Country [References] | Subject | Sample | Sex | Age | Training | Exercise intensity (heart rate) | Intervention | Control | Outcome Measured | Adverse event; follow-up |
Years | Rang | Frequency (weekly) | Time (min) | Duration (weeks) |
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Young (1999) Korea [10] | Hypertension | 62 | Tai chi (female): 77.4 | Tai chi: 64.5 ± 5.1 | 60∼80 | 4∼5 | 30∼45 | 12 | 40%∼60% | Tai chi exercise | Aerobic exercise or walking or dancing | SBP、DBP | No; Yes |
Aerobic (female): 80.7 | Aerobic: 67.0 ± 7.9 |
|
Tsai (2003) China/Taiwan [11] | Hypertension | 76 | Tai chi (male/female): 19/20; | Tai chi: 51.6 ± 16.3 | 45∼75 | 3 | 50 | 12 | 64% | Tai chi exercise | Sedentary | SBP、DBP | No; Yes |
Sedentary (male/female): 19/18 | Sedentary: 50.5 ± 9.8 |
|
Wolf (2006) USA [12] | Hypertension | 311 | Tai chi(male/female): 10/148; | Tai chi: 81.0 ± 6.4 | 70∼97 | 2 | 60 | 16 | — | Tai chi exercise | Wellness education | SBP、DBP | No; Yes |
Wellness education (male/female): 10/143 | Wellness education: 80.8 ± 5.9 |
|
Lo (2012) China/Taiwan [7] | Hypertension | 58 | — | — | 50∼65 | 3 | 60 | 8 | — | Tai chi + routine care | Routine care | SBP、DBP | No; No |
|
Sun (2015) China [13] | Hypertension | 266 | Tai chi (male/female): 19/117; | Tai chi/control: ≥45 | 45∼80 | 5 | 120 | 48 | — | Tai chi | Active control | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 29/101 |
|
Pan (2015) China [14] | Phase I EH Phase II EH hypertension | 40 | Tai chi (male/female): 14/10; | Tai chi: 56.37 ± 3.95 | 50∼70 | 6 | 60 | 12 | 60% | Tai chi | Stretching or Walking | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 10/6 | Control: 56.88 ± 3.95 |
Xiao (2016) China [15] | Essential hypertension | 48 | — | Baduanjin/control: 65.6 ± 7.8 | ≥45 | 5 | 40 | 24 | — | Baduanjin | Usual activity | SBP、DBP | No; No |
|
Lee (2003) Korea [16] | Essential hypertension | 58 | Qi gong (male/female): 10/19; | Qi gong: 55.8 ± 6.3 | ≥45 | — | 30 | 10 | 50%∼60% | Qi gong | Waiting list | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 13/16 | Control: 57.1 ± 7.6 |
|
Lee (2004) Korea [17] | Essential hypertension | 36 | — | Qi gong: 52.6 ± 5.1; Control: 54.3 ± 5.5 | 40∼65 | 2 | 60 | 8 | — | Qi gong | Waiting list | SBP、DBP | No; No |
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Pan (2010) China [18] | Grade 1 hypertension | 48 | Baduanjin (male/female): 13/11; | Baduanjin: 61.4 ± 7.1 | ≥55 | 5 | 90 | 24 | — | Baduanjin + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 14/10 | Control: 62.1 ± 5.8 |
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Liang (2014) China [19] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 60 | Baduanjin (male/female): 18/12; | Baduanjin: 55.7 ± 8.8 | — | 5 | 40 | 24 | 70% | Baduanjin + medicine | Walking + medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 20/10 | Control: 54.8 ± 7.6 |
|
Lin (2013) China [20] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 127 | Qi gong (male/female): 31/37; | — | ≥55 | 6 | 30 | 24 | — | Qi gong + medicine | Regular life + medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 27/32 |
|
He (2015) China [21] | Essential hypertension | 84 | Baduanjin (male/female): 22/10; | Baduanjin: 68.51 ± 2.97 | 59∼74 | 5 | 30 | 12 | — | Baduanjin + usual care + medicine | Usual care + medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 19/23 | Control: 69.24 ± 2.45 |
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Chen (2015) China [22] | Essential hypertension | 60 | Baduanjin (male/female): 14/16; | Baduanjin: 60∼75 | 60∼75 | 3∼4 | 60 | 12 | — | Baduanjin + usual education | Usual education | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 17/13 | Control: 62∼73 |
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Lin (2014) China [23] | Grade 1 hypertension | 55 | Baduanjin (male/female): 14/13; | Baduanjin: 61.26 ± 3.74 | 60∼75 | 7 | 60 | 12 | — | Baduanjin + usual care | Medicine + usual care | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 12/16 | Control: 62.03 ± 3.51 |
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Miao (2018) China [24] | Hypertension | 60 | Baduanjin (male/female): 23/7; | Baduanjin: 73.10 ± 5.77 | 65∼82 | 6 | 30 | 4 | — | Baduanjin + usual care | Medicine + usual care | SBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 20/10 | Control: 73.25 ± 4.85 |
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Fu (2014) China [25] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 60 | Qi gong (male/female): 20/10; | Qi gong: 57.93 ± 6.63 | 45∼69 | 6 | 40 | 12 | 50%∼70% | Qigong + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 19/11 | Control: 59.53 ± 7.46 |
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Cai (2016) China [26] | Grade 1 hypertension | 113 | Baduanjin (male/female): 22/34; | Baduanjin: 60.89 ± 9.71 | ≥45 | 5 | 30∼40 | 48 | — | Baduanjin + usual education | Medicine + usual care | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 22/35 | Control: 61.33 ± 8.24 |
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Mao (2006) China [27] | Essential hypertension | 62 | Tai chi (male/female): 13/38; | Tai chi: 62.2 | 45∼72 | 6 | 60 | 8 | 50%∼60% | Tai chi + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 2/9 | Control: 63.3 |
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Tang (2009) China [28] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 32 | Tai chi (male/female): 10/6; | Tai chi: 63.65 ± 8.71 | 60∼70 | 3∼5 | 30∼60 | 24 | 50%∼70% | Tai chi + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 9/7 | Control: 62.79 ± 7.43 |
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Han (2010) China [29] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 60 | Male/female: 38/22 | Tai chi/control: 62.12 ± 10.51 | 45∼75 | — | 45∼60 | 48 | 50%∼60% | Tai chi + usual care | Usual care | SBP、DBP | No; yes |
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Wang (2011) China [30] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 60 | Male/female: 18/42 | — | 50∼70 | 5 | 55 | 16 | 40%∼59% | Tai chi | Regular life | SBP、DBP | No; No |
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Sun (2014) China [31] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 80 | Tai chi (male/female): 14/24; | Tai chi: 68.16 ± 4.43 | 60∼75 | 7 | 120 | 8 | — | Tai chi | Education | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 24/18 | Control: 69.10 ± 4.28 |
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Xie (2014) China [32] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 50 | Tai chi (male/female): 11/14; | — | 60∼70 | 5 | 60 | 12 | — | Tai chi | Regular life | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 14/11 |
|
Lu (2015) China [33] | Essential hypertension | 25 | — | Tai chi/control: 62.00 ± 3.59 | ≥45 | 6 | 60 | 16 | 40%∼60% | Tai chi | Regular life | SBP、DBP | No; No |
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Jing (2011) China [34] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 31 | — | Tai chi: 57.53 ± 6.35 | 45∼65 | 3 | 60 | 10 | 40%∼60% | Tai chi | Regular life | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control: 59.12 ± 6.26 |
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Liang (2016) China [35] | Hypertension | 60 | Baduanjin (male/female): 17/13; | Baduanjin: 68.1 ± 10.1 | 65∼75 | 7 | 30 | 12 | — | Baduanjin + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 16/14 | Control: 70.5 ± 10.2 |
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Chen (2012) China [36] | Grade 1 grade 2 hypertension | 80 | Baduanjin (male/female): 25/15; | Baduanjin: 59.0 ± 6.0 | 50∼72 | 3 | 20 | 24 | — | Baduanjin + medicine | Medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 23/17 | Control: 60.0 ± 5.0 |
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Zheng (2014) China [37] | Essential hypertension | 55 | Baduanjin (male/female): 13/14; | Baduanjin: 69.23 ± 3.72 | 60∼75 | 5 | 30 | 12 | — | Baduanjin + usual care + medicine | Usual care + medicine | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 16/12 | Control: 70.06 ± 3.51 |
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Yang (2013) China [38] | Essential hypertension | 60 | Baduanjin (male/female): 14/16; | Baduanjin: 62.1 ± 5.8 | 49∼71 | — | — | 48 | — | Baduanjin + health education | Health education | SBP、DBP | No; No |
Control (male/female): 17/13 | Control: 61.4 ± 7.1 |
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