Comparison of the Effect of EMLA™ Cream and the Valsalva Maneuver on Pain Severity during Vascular Needle Insertion in Hemodialysis Patients: A Controlled, Randomized, Clinical Trial

Table 1

The demographic and disease-related characteristics of the participants in the EMLA, VM, and control groups.

Groups Characteristics	EMLA (n = 30) N (%)	VM (n = 30) N (%)	Control (n = 30) N (%)	value
Gender; Male; Female	23 (76.7); 7 (23.3)	23 (76.7); 7 (23.3)	19 (63.3); 11 (36.7)	X^2 = 1.77, 2
Age (years); <40; 40–60; >60	7 (23.3); 13 (43.3); 10 (33.3)	5 (16.7); 19 (63.3); 6 (20)	2 (6.7); 19 (63.3); 9 (30)	X^2 = 5.16, 4
Underlying disease; Diabetes; HTN; Diabetes + HTN etc.	6 (20); 4 (13.3); 7 (23.3); 13 (43.3)	9 (30); 6 (20); 7 (23.3); 8 (26.7)	10 (33.3); 4 (13.3) 7 (23.3); 9 (30)	X^2 = 3.01, 6
Duration of HD (month); <12 12–24; 25–36; 37–48; >48	3 (10); 7 (23.3); 4 (13.3); 3 (10); 13 (43.3)	4 (13.3); 3 (10); 3 (10); 5 (16.7); 15 (50)	3 (10); 8 (26.7); 5 (16.7); 2 (6.7); 12 (40)	X^2 = 4.78, 8
Duration of HD sessions (hour); 2; 3; 4	2 (6.7); 4 (13.3); 24 (80)	0 (0); 3 (10); 27 (90)	1 (3.3); 10 (33.3); 19 (63.3)	X^2 = 8.45, 4
HD sessions per week (times); 2; 3; 4	5 (16.7); 22 (73.3); 3 (10)	5 (16.7); 25 (83.3); 0 (0)	8 (26.7); 21 (70); 1 (3.3)	X^2 = 4.88, 4
	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	(Mean ± SD)	value
Age (years)	53.10 ± 15.92	52.30 ± 11.79	56.93; ± 12.40	F(2,87) = 1.01,
Duration of HD (month)	50.90 ± 34.48	67.43 ± 51.92	55.76 ± 49.02	F(2,87) = 1.03,

EMLA : Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics; VM : Valsalva maneuver; HD : Hemodialysis; HTN : Hypertension Chi-square test; and One-way ANOVA test.