Comparison of the Effect of EMLA™ Cream and the Valsalva Maneuver on Pain Severity during Vascular Needle Insertion in Hemodialysis Patients: A Controlled, Randomized, Clinical Trial

Table 2

Distribution of absolute, relative frequencies and mean scores of the research units according to the severity of pain during AVF cannulation in the EMLA, VM, and control groups.

Groups; Severity of pain	EMLA (n = 30 N (%)	VM (n = 30) N (%)	Control (n = 30) N (%)	value
No pain (0)	11 (36.7)	3 (10)	0 (0)	X^2 = 45.17, 6
Mild (1–3)	12 (40)	14 (46.7)	0 (0)
Moderate (4–7)	6 (20)	8 (26.7)	18 (60)
Severe (8–10)	1 (3.3)	5 (16.7)	12 (40)
Mean pain score (Mean ± SD); 95% CI	2.06 ± 2.19 1.24–2.88	3.30 ± 2.42 2.39–4.20	6.20 ± 1.49 5.64–6.75	X^2 = 36.02, 2,

Chi-square test; Kruskal‒Wallis test; Confidence interval.