Comparison of the Effect of EMLA™ Cream and the Valsalva Maneuver on Pain Severity during Vascular Needle Insertion in Hemodialysis Patients: A Controlled, Randomized, Clinical Trial

Table 3

Pairwise comparison of mean scores of the pain severity in the EMLA, VM, and control groups.

Groups	Value	value	95% CI
EMLA-VM	−1.23	0.067	(−2.54)−(0.75)
EMLA-control	−4.13	<0.001	(−5.44)−(−2.82)
VM-control	−2.90	<0.001	(−4.20)−(−1.59)

Mann‒Whitney U test; Confidence interval.