Association between Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine and Recurrence and Metastasis in Patients with Stages II and III Colorectal Cancer: A Cohort Study in China

Tang, Mo; Zhang, Wei; Qin, Wenyu; Zou, Chao; Yan, Yunzi; He, Bin; Xu, Yun; Zhang, Ying; Liu, Jianping; Sun, Hong; Yang, Yufei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8529395

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 8529395 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8529395

Association between Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine and Recurrence and Metastasis in Patients with Stages II and III Colorectal Cancer: A Cohort Study in China

Mo Tang,¹Wei Zhang,²Wenyu Qin,¹Chao Zou,¹Yunzi Yan,³Bin He,¹Yun Xu,¹Ying Zhang,⁴Jianping Liu,⁴Hong Sun,²and Yufei Yang¹

Academic Editor: Vijaya Anand

Received03 Jun 2022

Accepted20 Sept 2022

Published08 Nov 2022

Abstract

Background. To evaluate the associations between long-term oral Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) and recurrence and metastasis (R&M) in patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer (CRC). Furthermore, we aimed to determine the correlation between different syndrome patterns and prognosis and summarized the regularities among CHMs prescriptions, providing reference for clinical practice. Methods. An ambispective cohort study was conducted. All CRC patients who sought evaluation and treatment at Xiyuan Hospital and Beijing Cancer Hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were included. In this study, “whether patients voluntarily take CHMs” was taken as the exposure factor, and the exposure degree was “the duration of CHM use.” Stratification was performed according to the duration of TCM use to determine the relationship with R&M of CRC. The primary outcome was disease-free survival. Patients who had R&M of CRC after taking CHMs for ≥6 months were defined as “worst patients.” R software was used for statistical analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to determine the prognosis. IBM SPSS was used to model a priori association rules; drug use rules were analyzed on this basis. Results. A total of 186 patients with stage II and III CRC after radical resection were enrolled. All patients reached the study endpoint by August 2021. The difference in disease-free survival between the two groups was most significant when the cutoff value for CHMs was 18 months (). Multivariate analysis showed that 18 CHMs were independent protective factors for R&M of CRC (, HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.08–0.53). The ratio of Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency in the worst cases was higher than patients without R&M (). Sijunzi and Liuwei Dihuang decoctions were the most frequently used prescriptions in the anti-R&M phase. Conclusion. CHMs complying with the “Jianpi Bushen” principle may attenuate the risk of R&M in patients with stage II and III CRC. Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency in patients receiving TCM intervention for the first time within 6 months of radical resection may be associated with a higher CRC R&M rate. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and elucidate underlying biological mechanisms.

1. Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths [1]. Despite advances in treatment and implementation of screening and surveillance [2], CRC remains a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality [3]. Patients with nonmetastatic CRC are advised to undergo standard radical surgery with or without adjuvant chemotherapy; however, recurrence and metastasis (R&M) occurs in 30%–50% of such patients receiving optimal treatment, and <20% of patients with advanced CRC survive 5 years after diagnosis [4, 5]. Furthermore, despite standard treatment, many CRC patients still have physical symptoms, such as fatigue, insomnia, and flatulence, as well as psychological distress [6], which negatively impact patients’ well-being [7]. Thus, prolonging the disease-free survival (DFS) and improving the quality of life are worthy goals for patients with nonmetastatic CRC.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as a long-standing science and culture, plays an important role in complementary and alternative medicine therapies in China, where TCM is widely accepted by patients and covered by Chinese health insurance. Because of numerous properties, TCM has an increasingly prominent role in various diseases, including CRC [8]. A large cancer center conducted parallel surveys and reported that 83% of patients used TCM, with oral Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) accounting for 55.8% of the total [9]. CHMs have gained increasing acceptance in the clinic for their proven efficacy in CRC treatment [10]. Our previous study demonstrated that CHMs are associated with a lower R&M rate [11]. We then conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study and reported that using CHMs for 1 year improved survival outcomes in patients with stage II and III CRC [12]. According to the TCM theory, cancer is caused by an imbalance between endogenous physical conditions of the body and exogenous pathogenic factors [12]. Shen (kidney) is the origin of congenital constitution, while Pi (spleen) is the root of acquired constitution. A healthy qi deficiency in TCM is mainly manifested by a decline in the autoimmune function caused by innate deficiency or acquired hypotrophy, which cannot monitor and annihilate tumor cells. As a result, there is spread and diffusion of circulating tumor cells and tumor dormant cells in the body, which eventually leads to tumor progression [13, 14]. Patients with nonmetastatic CRC can have tumors excised through conventional Western medicine practices, but the patients may have spleen deficiency and residual disease. Thus, several previous studies have opined that CRC patients can be treated with the “Jianpi Bushen” rule [15, 16].

TCM emphasizes individuality and places a high value on the holistic view. Syndrome differentiation refers to diagnosing an illness as a specific syndrome based on an analysis of the specific symptoms and physical signs collected through inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry, and palpation, while treatment refers to defining the treatment approach in line with the syndrome differentiated. This view coincides with the principle of precision medicine in modern medicine. But it is difficult to determine a common prescription that is effective. We performed a two-center ambispective cohort study with a maximum follow-up of five years to provide clinical evidence to show the advantages of TCM “Jianpi Bushen” theory against R&M in patients with stage II and III CRC. In addition, we used the concept of “target population” in enrichment design [17]. Patients using CHMs for more than five years without R&M were defined as the TCM “target population” in this study. The core drug groups with a common therapeutic background were extracted using data mining techniques to explore the regularity of CHM prescriptions in the TCM “target population.” This was achieved to reveal the similarities and differences in CHMs for CRC and provide a basis for the rational use of CHMs in clinical practice.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Population

Patients in this ambispective cohort were admitted to the Xiyuan Hospital of China academy of Chinese medical sciences and Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China between August 2014 and August 2016. The inclusion criteria were the following: (1) patients between the ages of 18–80 years, with no gender restrictions; (2) the primary, and only, tumor site was CRC, and pathologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma (pathological wax and sections could be obtained); (3) TNM stages were stage II and III; (4) patients who received standard treatments within 6 months after radical resection (R0 resection), according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines [18]. The exclusion criteria were the following: (1) patients with intestinal obstruction, who cannot take decoction and need intravenous nutrition; (2) patients who are allergic to the known Chinese medicine ingredients used in the study; (3) pregnant and lactating women with mental illness; and (4) those who participated in other clinical studies.

2.2. Study Design

Based on the cumulative use of CHMs for 6 months, we divided patients into an integrated Chinese and Western medicine or Western medicine group [19]. When two consecutive CHM treatments were >6 weeks apart, CHMs were considered discontinued [20]. Patients using CHMs for >5 years without CRC R&M were defined as the TCM “target population.” When stratified according to CHM use, the “worst cases” were defined as patients who had R&M after taking TCM for ≥6 months. Patients without CRC R&M within 5 years were compared with the worst cases. The regularity of CHM prescriptions in the TCM “target population” was summarized. TCM syndrome pattern criteria were in accordance with the clinical research guidelines for TCM New Drugs [21]. There are four types of TCM syndrome patterns: Pi (spleen) Qi deficiency; Shen (kidney) Yin deficiency; Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency; and non-Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency.

2.3. Follow-Up Strategy and Outcomes

Patients received follow-up according to NCCN clinical guidelines, with clinical visits every three months for the first two years, every six months between years 3 and 5, and then yearly after year 5. We recorded TCM syndrome patterns and detailed prescription information of TCM. All physicians participating in the study received training in advance. Patients who occasionally miss clinical visits are followed up by telephone by trained researchers. If the telephone follow-up failed three times, it was defined as lost to follow-up. DFS, defined as the time from intervention to tumor R&M or death from any cause, was considered as the primary end point.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical data were described using the median for continuous variables and percentages (%) for categorical variables. Differences in the baseline characteristics were grouped by quartiles (Q) of cumulative months of CHM use (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) and assessed using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis H test, χ², or Fisher’s tests to determine statistical differences between the groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed using the surv-cutpoint function in the “survminer” R package, which determines the optimal cut point that yielded the minimum value in the log-rank test between the high-andlow-risk subgroups [22]. Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to determine the simultaneous impact of other variables potentially associated with each outcome. A value <0.05 (two-sided) was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were analyzed using R software (version 3.6.2). Age was a continuous variable, which was converted to a categorical variable using X-tile (version 3.6.1, Yale University) [23]. Regularity of CHM prescriptions through data mining was analyzed by the “Apriori block,” which was provided by SPSS 18.0 software for cluster and network analyses [24]. The study design is illustrated in Figure 1.

3. Results

3.1. Baseline Characteristics

A total of 200 patients from two hospitals with stage II and III CRC were enrolled in this cohort study between August 2014 and August 2016. Fourteen patients were further excluded from the analysis as they did not conform to the study protocol. A total of 186 patients were enrolled, including 89 integrated Chinese and Western medicine patients and 97 Western medicine patients. 17 patients dropped out during follow-up and 12 patients did not receive regular surveillance in the hospital during the last two years due to COVID-19. Three patients died due to nontumor causes. The flowchart of patient recruitment for this study is shown in Figure 2. The optimum cutoff score for age was determined to be 60 years. The baseline characteristics of participants based on quartiles of cumulative days of CHM use are summarized in Table 1.

3.2. Impact of CHM Treatment on Clinical Outcomes

On August 27, 2021, we collected the final data. The median DFS follow-up is 65.0 (2.0–89.0) months. During the follow-up period, 39 of the 186 patients in this study experienced cancer R&M: the number of patients with R&M was 10 (25.6%), 19 (48.7%), 3 (7.7%), 4 (10.3%), and 3 (7.7%) per year from 1 to 5 years after radical resection, respectively (Figure 3). Among 39 patients with CRC R&M, there were 21 with rectal cancer and 18 with colon cancer. There were eight patients with stage II CRC and 31 patients with stage III CRC (Figure 4). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group had a lower incidence of CRC R&M than the Western medicine group (; Figure 5(a)). Using a cutoff point of 18 months and the use of CHMs determined by the “survminer” package, patients were divided into low and high exposure groups. Kaplan–Meier curves illustrated that patients with low exposure had a significantly worse DFS than those with ≥18 months CHMs (; Figure 5(b)).

(a)

(b)

3.3. Multivariate Analyses

We examined the influence of CHMs on DFS across strata of other factors, including TNM stage, age, sex, family history of CRC, tumor site, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The use of CHMs for 18 months was the only factor associated with a significant improvement in DFS (HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09–0.58; ). No other statistically significant interactions were detected. A forest plot of multivariable analyses in these subgroups is shown in Figure 6.

3.4. Comparative Analysis of Patients without CRC R&M within 5 Years of Surgery and the Worst Cases

A total of 113 patients did or did not receive CHM intervention, and no CRC R&M occurred within 5 years after radical surgery. CRC R&M occurred in 14 patients who received TCM intervention for ≥6 months (the worst case). Among the 113 patients, 65 (57.5%) were <60 years of age and 48 (42.5%) were >60 years of age. There were 47 cases in females (41.6%) and 66 cases in males (58.4%). The tumor was localized to the colon and rectum in 59 (52.2%) and 54 cases (48.8), respectively. There were 49 stage II (43.4%) and 64 stage III CRC patients (56.6%). Among the 14 cases, 6 (42.9%) were <60 years of age and 8 (57.1%) were ≥60 years of age. There were two female (14.3%) and 12 male patients (85.7%). Localization of the tumor to the colon and rectum were equally distributed in 7 patients. There were four patients with stage II (28.6%) and 10 patients with stage III CRC (71.4%). Among 113 patients, 75 (66.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and 38 (33.6%) did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Among the worst patients, 10 (71.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and 4 (28.6%) did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. The proportion of Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency in the worst cases was higher than the patients without CRC R&M within 5 years of surgery (). There were no differences in the distribution of other features, as shown in Table 2.

3.5. Data Mining of Prescription in the TCM “Target Population”

A total of 13 patients were in the TCM “target population,” namely, patients using CHMs for more than five years without R&M. The data of 13 patients were analyzed, including six women (46.2%), seven men (53.8%), seven patients (53.8%) with tumor localized to the colon, and six patients (46.2%) with tumor localized to the rectum. There were seven stage III CRC patients (53.8%) and six stage II CRC patients (46.2%). Among TCM syndromes, seven patients (53.8%) had Pi (spleen) qi deficiency, two patients (15.4%) had Shen (kidney) yin deficiency, and five patients (30.8%) had Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency, as shown in Figure 7.

A total of 406 prescriptions containing 215 herbs were collected. The frequency statistics showing the top 20 used herbs and their actions according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) are shown in Table 3 [25]. The analysis of association rules identified 20 high-frequency medicine pair rules and the complicated network for those are visualized in Figure 8. With the cluster analysis, we generated a dendrogram from which three clustering items were extracted with a relative distance of 7.5, among which two kinds of prescription contained more than five CHMs (Figure 9). The extracted prescriptions corresponded to three famous Chinese formulae: Sijunzi decoction, Liuwei Dihuang decoction, and Erzhi wan.

In Figure 9 Cluster analysis dendrogram of Chinese herbal medicines in the “target population”. The Y-axis indicates the serial number and herb name. There is a line of numbers at the top of the graph that indicates the relative distance for each class. This is the result of the proportional distance resetting for the relative distance of each class.

4. Discussion

In this ambispective cohort study, 186 patients with stage II and III CRC were followed up for five years. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between CHMs and the risk of R&M in stage II and III CRC. We further observed that CHMs intervention for 18 months (as the cutoff value) was associated with the lowest risk of clinical outcome. Moreover, these associations were independent of other disease factors. In this study by comparing the TCM syndrome patterns of patients without CRC R&M within 5 years with the worst cases, it was found that the syndrome patterns of Pi (spleen) and Shen (kidney) deficiency were more common in the worst cases. Due to the limited number of patients, the exact relationship between TCM syndrome type and CRC R&M warrants further study by expanding the sample size. Our findings on the distribution of syndromes in CRC patients were similar to a study based on 760 CRC patients from two cancer centers in China [26].

This is the first study to summarize the prescription regularity of CHMs by patients to prevent CRC R&M, which is an important preference for TCM clinical practice. TCM theory holds that “The region where pathogenic factors invade must be deficient of Qi”. Pi (spleen) qi deficiency is a pathologic change characterized by qi deficiency combined with impaired transporting and transforming function of the spleen [27]. Patients’ gastrointestinal function needs to be restored after radical surgery, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are common side effects. Dizziness, weariness, indigestion, abdominal distension, lassitude, anorexia, diarrhea, and other Pi (spleen) qi-deficient disorders are common in CRC patients. Shen (kidney) yin deficiency is a pathologic change characterized by a deficiency of yin to nourish the kidney, leading to deficiency-fire or deficiency-heat, which is characterized by dizziness, forgetfulness, tinnitus, backache, and lack of libido, among other symptoms [27]. In addition, because cancer is a chronic wasting disease, CRC patients are predisposed to manifest Shen (kidney) yin deficiency syndrome. A total of 180 patients with curative rectal cancer operations were administered a questionnaire, most of whom experienced sexual dysfunction [28].

In TCM prescriptions, herbs are generally used in combination as “formulas”. Based on classical prescriptions, adding, subtracting, or changing medicine can achieve the therapeutic effect for different symptoms. In this study, we used data mining to reveal the underlying CHMs prescription regularity in patients with stage II and III CRC. We found that three classical and well-known prescriptions: Sijunzi decoction, Liuwei Dihuang decoction, and Erzhi wan were the most frequently used. The first two prescriptions were first recorded in the Song dynasty, while Erzhi wan was recorded in the Ming dynasty. Sijunzi decoction is the basic prescription for the treatment of Pi (Spleen) qi deficiency in TCM. It consists of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma, Poria, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma is often replaced by Codonopsis radix in TCM clinical practice due to economic and source factors. Emerging research suggests that Sijunzi decoction is a possible treatment target for CRC and can potentially improve quality of life [29]. Liuwei Dihuang decoction is composed of six herbs: Rehmanniae radix praeparata, Dioscoreae rhizoma, Corni fructus, Moutan cortex, Poria and Alismatis rhizoma. Its use is to nourish yin and tonify the kidney. Several studies have proved that Liuwei Dihuang decoction may regulate some candidate molecular targets and participate in bioprocesses for the treatment of colon cancer [30]. A study based on network pharmacology investigation revealed that the mechanism of Sijunzi decoction and Liuwei Dihuang decoction refers to the CRC pathway [31]. The drug pair, Ecliptae Herba and Ligustri Lucidi fructus, which is also a traditional Chinese prescription called Erzhi wan, has been widely used to replenish the liver and kidney, nourish yin, and stop bleeding. The modern pharmacological study of Erzhi on CRC needs further exploration.

Several limitations to this study should also be considered. Our results may have been confounded by factors that were not captured in our clinical study, such as molecular genetics, physical activity, and dietary habits [32]. During the long-term CHM treatment, it is likely that patients were not fully compliant with prescriptions. Furthermore, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several patients were unable to follow-up as scheduled, resulting in the clinical outcome being missed in evaluation. All the limitations mentioned above would have tended to overestimate the true associations between CHMs and R&M. Moreover, due to inadequate ambispective studies, patient information may be incomplete and data collection and follow-up may be biased.

5. Conclusions

The results of this ambispective cohort study suggested that CHMs may be associated with a lower risk of R&M in patients with stage II and III CRC. These findings are consistent with our previous studies. We further found that the effect on prolonging DFS was the greatest when the intervention using CHMs lasted for 18 months in patients. Our study attempted to further reveal the role of TCM in improving clinical outcomes by observing visceral pattern identification and concluding the regularity of CHMs prescriptions through data mining in patients undergoing five years of treatment for CRC prevention. It was demonstrated that “Jianpi Bushen” was the main method of treatment for patients with stage II and III CRC. Further research is required to confirm the generalizability of our findings.

Abbreviations

CHMs:	Chinese herbal medicines
R&M:	Recurrence and metastasis
CRC:	Colorectal cancer
TCM:	Traditional Chinese medicine
DFS:	Disease-free survival
HR:	Hazard ratio
CIs:	Confidence intervals
CEA:	Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (2019XLA044-5) and Beijing Cancer Hospital (2019KT104-GZ01) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Written informed consent was obtained from all individual patients included in the study.

Conflicts of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

YFY, HS, YX, BH, and MT conceived the study. MT and WZ analyzed the data. MT, WYQ, CZ, and YZY collected data. JPL and YZ provided statistical expertise. MT wrote the first draft of the paper. YFY and HS obtained funding. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The cohort was supported by the following: (1) The National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheriting and Innovating Traditional Chinese Medicine “Tens of Millions” Talent Project (Qihuang Project); (2) The National Key Research and Development Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization Project: evidence-based evaluation of the TCM program for secondary prevention of gastrointestinal malignant tumor with coordinated chemotherapy and anti-metastatic recurrence (2017YFC1700604); (3) The National Natural Science Foundation of China: “Study on the mechanism of tonifying spleen and fortifying kidney sequential treatment in improving chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity via Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediated stem cell regeneration” (ID: 81973676). The authors appreciate all the participants and their families for making this study possible.

References

H. Sung, J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel et al., “Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 209–249, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Lin, L. A. Perdue, N. B. Henrikson, S. I. Bean, and P. R. Blasi, “Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force,” JAMA, vol. 325, no. 19, pp. 1978–1998, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Keum and E. Giovannucci, “Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 713–732, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. L. Siegel, K. D. Miller, A. Goding Sauer et al., “Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 145–164, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. H. Biller and D. Schrag, “Diagnosis and treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a review,” JAMA, vol. 325, no. 7, pp. 669–685, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. L. Deshields, P. Potter, S. Olsen, and J. Liu, “The persistence of symptom burden: symptom experience and quality of life of cancer patients across one year,” Supportive Care in Cancer, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1089–1096, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. O’Gorman, J. Stack, A. O’Ceilleachair et al., “Colorectal cancer survivors: an investigation of symptom burden and influencing factors,” BMC Cancer, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 1022, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Y. Kong, L. Y. Li, Y. M. Lou, H. Y. Chi, and J. J Wu, “Chinese herbal medicines for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer: from molecular mechanisms to potential clinical applications,” Journal of integrative medicine, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 369–384, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. McQuade, Z. Meng, Z. Chen et al., “Utilization of and attitudes towards traditional Chinese medicine therapies in a Chinese cancer hospital: a survey of patients and physicians,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 504507, 11 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Sun, M. He, M. Zhang et al., “Traditional Chinese medicine and colorectal cancer: implications for drug discovery,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, Article ID 685002, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. F. Yang, J. Z. Ge, Y. Wu et al., “Cohort study on the effect of a combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine on the relapse and metastasis of 222 patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer after radical operation,” Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 251–256, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xu, J. J. Mao, L. Sun et al., “Association between use of traditional Chinese medicine herbal therapy and survival outcomes in patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer: a multicenter prospective cohort study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs, vol. 2017, no. 52, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. F. Chen and Q. Q. Liu, “The traditional Chinese medicine theory of “vital qi”,” Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1332–1335, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
W. D. Li and B. J. Huang, “Preliminary study on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine regulating tumor microenvironment “homeostasis” and influencing tumor recurrence and metastasis,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 52, no. 22, pp. 1891–1894, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Zhang, L. Shi, D. Mao et al., “Use of jianpi jiedu herbs in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: ECAM, vol. 2018, Article ID 6180810, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. T. He, T. Zhang, Y. F. Yang, X. S. Yu, M. G. Si, and L. Min, “Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in treating colorectal cancer and syndrome analysis,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 59, no. 22, pp. 1929–1936, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Y. Yan, B. Wang, and L. Ma, “Enrichment design method and clinical study of traditional Chinese medicine,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 307–310, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
A. B. Benson, T. Bekaii-Saab, E. Chan et al., “Localized colon cancer, version 3.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines,” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 519–528, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. W. Lee, T. L. Chen, Y. R. V. Shih et al., “Adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy improves survival in patients with advanced breast cancer: a population-based study,” Cancer, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 1338–1344, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. H. Yeh, H. P. Chiu, M. C. Wu et al., “Integrated Chinese herbal medicine and western medicine on the survival in patients with colorectal cancer: a retrospective study of medical records,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2020, Article ID 4561040, 10 pages, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zheng, “Guiding principles for clinical research of new Chinese medicines,” China Medical Science and Technology Press, vol. 4, pp. 73–77, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Kassambara, M. Kosinski, P. Biecek, and S. Fabian, “Package “survminer”. Drawing survival curves using “ggplot2”(R package version 03 1),” 2017, https://rdrr.io/cran/survminer/.
View at: Google Scholar
R. L. Camp, M. Dolled-Filhart, and D. L. Rimm, “X-tile: a new bio-informatics tool for biomarker assessment and outcome-basedcut-point optimization,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 10, no. 21, pp. 7252–7259, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Giguère, “Collecting and analyzing data in multidimensional scaling experiments: a guide for psychologists using SPSS,” Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26–38, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Yuan, Z. Wang, and C. Jiang, “Establishment of polymerase chain reaction method in Chinese pharmacopoeia (2020 edition),” China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, vol. 45, pp. 4537–4544, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
S. B. Su, M. D. Yang, X. L. Chen et al., “Traditional Chinese medicine syndromes distribution in colorectal cancer and its association with western medicine treatment and clinical laboratory indicators,” World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 81, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. H. Organization, WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
S. K. Hendren, B. I. O’Connor, M. Liu et al., “Prevalence of male and female sexual dysfunction is high following surgery for rectal cancer,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 242, no. 2, pp. 212–223, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Jie, W. He, X. Yang, and W. Chen, “Krüppel-like factor 4 acts as a potential therapeutic target of Sijunzi decoction for treatment of colorectal cancer,” Cancer Gene Therapy, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 361–366, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Zhang, X. Zhu, H. Bai, and K. Ning, “Network pharmacology databases for traditional Chinese medicine: review and assessment,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 10, p. 123, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. B. Su, X. Y. Li, M. D. Yang et al., “Compound-target-pathway network analysis and effective mechanisms prediction of Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi formula,” World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, vol. 4, p. 170, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. R. Fearon, “Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer,” Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 479–507, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Mo Tang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

279

Downloads

363

Citations