| | Botanical names | Ethnobotanical uses | Major phytoconstituents |
| | Adansonia digitata L. | It is used as food (leaves and fruit), laxative, shelter (the tree), and in the treatment of diabetes, diarrhoea, trypanosomal diseases, and wounds [16, 17] | 3,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavan-4-one-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, 3,7 dihydroxyl-flavan- 4-one-5-O-β-D-galacto pyranosyl (1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside, campesterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol, isofucosterol, ß-sitosterol, and tocopherol [18] | | Aframomum melegueta (Roskoe) K. Schum | Spice, flavoring agent, treatment of hemorrhoids, infections, abdominal pain, leprosy, measles, inflammatory disorders, and intestinal problems. It is used as purgative, galactogogue, and hemostatic agent [19] | Vanilloids, 6-paradol, 6-gingerol, monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons [20], benzaldehyde-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy, butan-2-one-4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and its derivatives), triterpenoids, labdane diterpenoids, zerumin A, labdane diterpenes G3 and G5, (E)-labda-8(17), 12-diene-15, and 16-dial saponins [21] | | Annona Senegalensis Pers | The fruit is used for the treatment of marasmus and kwashiorkor. Treatment of diarrhoea, helminthiasis, microbial infections, snake bites, toothache, malaria, anenia, arthritis, inflammatory disorders, wound, dermatosis, and sexual impotence [22, 23] | 1,2 Benzenediol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), phenol, 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl-4methyl), methylcarbamate, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecane, oleic acid, tetracosane, 9-octylheptadecane, heneicosane, 12-methyl-E, E-2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol, 13-hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2one, octadecanoic acid, 9, 17-octadecadienal, pentadecane, tetratriacontane and squalene [23], kaurenoic acid, and (−)-roemerine [24] | | Apodostigma pallens (Planch. ex Oliv.) R.Wilczek | Treatment of gonorrhoea [25] | — | | Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn | Treatment of asthma, fever, gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, diabetes, headache, and use as aphrodisiac (barks). Diuretic and febrifuge properties (roots). The seed oil is used as fuel and lubricant [26, 27] | Ceibapentains A and B, linarin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, cinchonains ia and ib, N-trans-caffeoyl-DOPA-methyl ester, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons [28, 29] | | Chasmanthera dependens Hochst | Treatment of venereal diseases, fractures, sprains, muscular pains (leaves) and is used as uterine stimulant [30] | Berberine [30], tertiary nonphenolic alkaloids (tetrahydropalmatine, liriodenine, lysicamine, oxoglaucine, glaucine, anonaine, nornuciferine, norglaucine, O,O-dimethylcorytuberine, and anomaine), govanine (= (−) -tetrahydropseudocolumbamine), coreximine, bisnorargemonine, pallidine, and quaternary alkaloids (jatrorrhizine, columbamine, pseudocolumbamine, magnoflorine, and palmatine) [31, 32] | | Combretum collinum Fresen | Treatment of wounds, ulcers, rheumatism, microbial infections, gastrointestinal problems, cough, and bronchitis with the leaves [33] | Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside stilbenoids (combretastatins), phenanthrenes, and mollic acid [33] | | Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC | Treatment of scrotal elephantiasis, dysentery, typhoid fever, eye sore and earache, fever, stomachache malaria, diarrhoea, ring worms, bronchitis, hypertension, and syphilis [34, 35] | 2,3-(5′)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, punicalin, punicalagin, umuhengerin and combreglutinin, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol glucoside, 5-demethylsinensetin, (20S,24R)-ocotillone, lupeol, β-sitosterol, oleanolic acid, and corymbosin [35] | | Combretum sericeum G.Don | Treatment of diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disorders, conjunctivitis, fever, pneumonia, malaria, and use as repellent [36, 37] | — | | Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Bents | Treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea and fever [38], pain, malaria, septic wounds, and respiratory infections [39] | Epimeric mixtures of 3β-urs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid and 18-epi-3β-urs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid, 3β-D-glucopyranosylurs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid and 18-epi-3β-D-glucopyranosylurs-12,20(30)-diene-27,28-dioic acid, triterpenoid (β-chinovin), vitexin and isovitexin xylosides, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and alkaloids (crossopterine) [40] | | Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn | Use as diuretic, anthelmintic, febrifuge, diaphoretic, and treatment of cough [41] | Flavonoids schaftoside, vitexin, isovitexin, and 6′-O-palmitoyl derivatives, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, and stigmasterol [42] | | Entada africana Guill. & Perr | Treatment of abdominal pain, rheumatism, malaria, female infertility [43], wounds, hepatitis, bronchitis, syphilis, and bronchitis [44] | Apigenin, robinetin, gallic acid, ethyl gallate, catechin, 5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one, 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, dihydrokaempferol-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-(β-apiosyl-(1‴→2″)-β-glucoside), and aromadendrin [45] | | Feretia apodanthera Delile | Treatment of epilepsy, infantile convulsions, anxiety, psychoses, pain, inflammation, and infective wounds [46, 47] | Iridoid glycosides (feretoside, gardenoside, geniposidic acid, apodanthoside, desacetylasperolosidic acid), quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin [46, 47] | | Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. | Treatment of epilepsy, leprosy, worm sore, injuries, hemorrhoids, diarrhoea and is used as a diuretic [48] | β-sitosterol, chryasophanol, 7-hydroxy-2,5 dimethylchromen-4-one, quercetin, aloe emodin glucoside, β-sitosterol glucoside, rutin, and patuletin-3′-O-methyl-3-O-rutinoside [49] | | Ficus thonningii Blume | Treatment of diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, diabetes mellitus, wounds, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, stomach pains, gastritis, gastric ulcers, malaria, fever, and hepatitis [50] | Orientin, vitexin and isovitexin, thonningiol, thonningiisoflavone, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, gancaonin G, β-amyrin acetate, friedelin, lupeol hexanoate, lupeol acetate, alpinumisoflavone, wighteone, dehydroferreirine, β-isoluteone, taxifolin, lupiwitheone hydrate, Rel (lR, 4S, 6R)-p-menthane-3,6-diol, conrauiflavonol, aromadendrin, shuterin, luteone, and hydroxyalpinumisoflavone [51] | | Flueggea virosa, (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle | Treatment of fever, malaria, pain, diabetes, epilepsy, snakebites, rheumatism, arrhythmia, sterility, rashes, diarrhoea, pneumonia, sexual dysfunction, sexual impotence, cough, HIV-related illnesses, and venereal diseases [52] | Flueggenoids A–E, 13-methyl-ent-podocarpanes, and securinega alkaloids [53] | | Gardenia ternifolia schumach. & Thonn | Treatment of malaria, stomachache, ulcers, malaria coughs, syphilis, arthritis, asthma, epilepsy, fever, pain. Use as purgative, laxative, astringent, and antisnake venom [54] | 5,7-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,3′-trihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavone, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol [54], and gardenifolins A–H [55] | | Gymnosporia senegalensis, L. E. T. Loesener | Treatment of microbial infections, inflammation, tuberculosis, and respiratory diseases [56, 57] | Alkaloids (ephedrine, norephedrine, stachidrine, and wilforine) maytansinoids (maytanbutine, maytanprin, and maytanbutan), phenolic compounds, triterpenes, sterols (iguestrin, lupenone, β-sitosterol), and megastigmane [56, 57] | | Hannoa undulata (Guill. & Perr.) Planch | Treatment of amoebic dysentery, malaria, anemia, and intestinal diseases [58] | Quassinoid (undulatone), polycyclic lactones (chaparrinone, klaineanone, and glaucarubolone), eniotorin, scopoletin, glaucarubinone, and 15-desacetylundulatone [58, 59] | | Hymenocardia acida, Tul | Treatment of eye infection, sickle cell anemia, chest complaints, abdominal and menstrual pains, trypanosomiasis, coughs, hemorrhoids, stomachaches, microbial infections, asthma, and fractures [60] | Triterpenoids and sterols (friedelan-3-one, betulinic acid, stigmasterol, lupeol, β-sitosterol), fatty acid (oleic acid), hymenocardine, and hymenocardinol [61] | | Ipomoea pyrophila, A. Cheval | — | — | | Jatropha curcas L. | Treatment of eczema, skin diseases, rheumatic muscular pains, inflammation and is used as fuel [62] | Organic acids, cyclic triterpenes, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, curcin, apigenin, vitexin, and isovitexin [63] | | Lannea microcarpa, A. Rich | Treatment of fever, gastrointestinal problems, wounds, respiratory problems, ulcers, pain, malaria, musculoskeletal disorders, hemorrhoids, skin diseases and is used in ethnoveterinary medicine [64] | Epicatechin, myricetin glycosides, gallic acid, isovitexin, and cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside [64] | | Maerua angolensis, DC. | Treatment of pain, cancer, fever, malaria, gastrointestinal problems, sores, and wounds [65] | Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids [65] | | Newbouldia laevis seem | Treatment of malaria, stomachache, toothache, wound dysentery, sexual transmitted disease (syphilis), migraine, and sexual impotency [66, 67] | Pyrazole alkaloids (withasomnine, 4′-hydroxywithasomnine, 4′-methoxywithasomnine, newbouldine, and 4′-hydroxynewbouldine), newbouldiosides D-F, 7-hydroxydehydroiso-α-lapachone, 5,7-dihydroxydehydroiso-α-lapachone and 3-hydroxy-5-methoxydehydroiso-α-lapachone, and 6-hydroxydehydroiso-α-lapachone [68–70] | | Ochna rhizomatosa (van tiegh.) Keay | Treatment of intestinal helminthiasis, jaundice, malaria, wounds, and typhoid fever [71, 72] | (R)-Rhizomatobiflavonoid A-C, gerontoisoflavone A, schweinfurthianone A, shweinfurthianone B, and calodenine B [73] | | Ochna schweinfurthiana (van tiegh.) Keay | Treatment of rubella, fungal skin infections, burns, stomachache, sclerosis, malaria, helminthiasis, typhoid fever, measles, and wounds [74–76] | Agathisflavone, cupressuflavone, sucrose, calodenone, calodenine B, robustaflavone, lophirone A, gerontoisoflavone A, amentoflavone, hemerocallone, 16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid and 3β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol, 6,7-dimethoxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavone, epicatechin lithospermoside, and 3β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-β-stigmasterol [77] | | Ozoroa pulcherrima (schweinf.) R. & A. | Treatment of asthenia, helminthiasis, conjunctivitis, chest pain, dystocia, hyperthermia, and conjunctivitis. It is used after childbirth to increase lactation [78–80] | Ozocardic A, 6-tridecyl anacardic acid, β-sitosterol, and ozoromide [78–80] | | Paullinia pinnata, Linn | Treatment of snake bites, rabies, mental problems, blindness and eye troubles, paralysis, eczema, wounds, threatened abortion, malaria, ancylostomiasis, to expel placenta and gonorrhoea. [81] | 3-Oxo-11α-hydroxyl-20-lupene, lupeol-3-isovanniloyl ester, 5α-portiferastane-3β,6α-diol and 2-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-dimethoxyl phenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4,5-trioxaphenanthrene-6-one, lupeyl steryl ether [82] | | Piliostigma thonningii, (schum.) Milne-Redh | Treatment of malaria, leprosy, wounds, ulcers, gingivitis, fever, cough, toothache, sore throat [83]
Treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, skin diseases, and intestinal problems [84–86] | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, piliostigmin, afzelin, quercitrin, 7 (9-desoxy-α-conidendrin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, 2β-methoxyclovan-9α-ol, and methyl-ent-3β-hydroxylabd-8(17)-en-15-oate, (3αR,9R,9αs)-7-hydroxy-9(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-3α,4,9,9α-tetrahydro-1H benzo[f] [2] benzo-furan-3-onenabellamide), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-enoic acid, and 8-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4′,5,7-trihyroxyflavone [84, 85] | | Rourea coccinea (schumach. & Thonn.) Benth | Treatment of paralysis, Alzheimer’s disease, snakebites, sexual asthenia, furuncles, malaria, joint pains, asthma, male and female infertility, and blennorrhoea [87] | — | | Sarcocephalus latifolius, J. E. Smith et E.A. Bruce | Treatment of fever, toothache, dental cures, septic mouth, diarrhoea, and dysentery; used as chewing stick [88] | Indole alkaloids (augustine, nauclifine, augustidine, 21-O-methylstrictosamideaglycone, 19-O-ethylaugustoline, naucleidinal, 19-epinaucleidinal), β-sitosterol, tramadol, naucleamide, quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-fucopyranoside, quinovic acid-3β-O-β-D-rhamnopyranoside, and scopoletin [88, 89] | | Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. ssp. paradoxa | Treatment of cancer, diarrhoea, hemorrhoids, cough, tuberculosis, infectious diseases, headache hypertension, malaria and is used to relieve labor and delivery pains [90] | Triterpene acids of oleanane-type and glycosides (paradoxosides A-E, parkiosides A-C, tieghemelin A), flavonoids (catechin, gambiriin C, luteolin-7-glucoside, myricitrin, quercetin) [90] | | Vitex doniana sweet | Treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure, ulcers, swellings, and oedema [91] | 2,3-Acetonide-24- hydroxyecdysone, 21-hydroxyshidasterone, 11β-hydroxy-20-deoxyshidasterone, ajugasterone, 11β,24-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysteroids shidasteron, and 24-hydroxyecdysone [92] | | Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich | Treatment of menstrual disorder, naso-pharyngeal infections, arthritis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, malaria, uterine fibroid, wounds, and stomach disorder [93, 94] | Diterpenes (15-oxo-(−)-trachyloban-19-oic acid, (−)-kaur-15-en-17-al-19-oic acid), and terpenes [95] |
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