Ethnomedicinal Information on Plants Used for the Treatment of Bone Fractures, Wounds, and Sprains in the Northern Region of the Republic of Benin

Table 3

Medicinal plants used for the treatment of bone fractures, wounds, and sprains.

Scientific names	Plant family	Local names^a	Voucher N°	Fre-quen-cy^b	Plant parts used^c	State of plant parts	Modes of preparation	FC (%)	Literature reference^b
Adansonia digitata L.	Malvaceae	^BSônou	YH 443/HNB	1	B	Fresh	Decoction of the bark of the trunk for the massage	0.8	[104]
Aframomum malegueta [Roskoe] K. Schum	Zingiberaceae	^DFètcharinanfè	YH 444/HNB	2	Se	Dried	Powder of the seeds applied topically	1.6	[22]
Annona senegalensis Pers	Annonaceae	^BBatoko	YH 445/HNB	1	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8
Apodostigma pallens (Planch. ex Oliv.) R.Wilczek	Celastraceae	^DMukentetie	YH 446/HNB	2	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; chewing of roots applied topically	1.6
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.	Malvaceae	^BDirebou billa, Kunkunfa	YH 448/HNB	2	Se and B	Fresh/dried	Powdered seeds in association with other plants; the bark is used as a mat	1.6
Chasmanthera dependens Hochst	Menispermaceae	^BBoborou, ^Psilpèrèya	YH 449/HNB	15	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; Grinded stem applied topically and sometimes mixed with shea butter	12.1	[30]
Combretum collinum Fresen	Combretaceae	^BGberukporo,^DTipèpèti	YH 450/HNB	2	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; bark of the roots in powder applied topically.	1.6	[33]
Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC	Combretaceae	^YiOudadaribou	YH 451/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; incineration of the powdered bark of the roots applied topically	0.8	[105, 106]
Combretum sericeum G.Don	Combretaceae	^WCocopourka, ^Bsoossi	YH 452/HNB	10	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically.	8.1
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Bents	Rubiaceae	^YiOtoupedou	YH 453/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the root applied topically.	0.8	[39]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn	Poaceae	^WYandé	YH 454/HNB	1	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves + decoction of the bark of C. pentandra for the massage	0.8
Entada africana Guill. & Perr	Fabaceae	^BWondorou	YH 455/HNB	1	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8
Feretia apodanthera Delile	Rubiaceae	^NDiebaata	YH 456/HNB	1	L	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8	[107]
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq	Moraceae	^BDekuru sanni	YH 457/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically.	0.8	[108]
Ficus thonningii Blume	Moraceae	^KKudoro	YH 458/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves of F. thonningii + N. laevis for the massage. Powdered bark of the roots of N. laevis + F. thonningii adventitious roots applied topically.	0.8	[109]
Flueggea virosa, (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle	Phyllanthaceae	^YiOpanko, ^Yiipèènki, ^NN’Dadaagui; ^NYerikilangou; ^NN’Dadaaditchi	YH 459/HNB	5	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves used orally; incineration of bark of roots applied topically	4.0	[52]
Gardenia ternifolia schumach. & Thonn	Rubiaceae	^YiKeyabouaka	YH 460/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves for massage; incineration of the bark of the roots mixed with the kernel oil butter applied topically	0.8
Gymnosporia senegalensis, L. E. T. Loesener	Celastraceae	^DMoukorou, ^BGberamonro-kou	YH 461/HNB	2	R	Fresh/dried	Powdered bark of the roots applied topically	1.6
Hannoa undulata (Guill. & Perr.) Planch	Simaroubaceae	^BOkoupopode	YH 462/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage. Powdered bark of the roots applied topically	0.8
Hymenocardia acida, Tul	Phyllanthaceae	^Bsinkakakou	YH 463/HNB	4	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage. Powdered bark of the roots applied topically	3.2
Ipomoea pyrophila, A. Cheval	Convolvulaceae	^DTimonyati/^DTiwontèwonti	YH 464/HNB	2	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	1.6
Jatropha curcas L.	Euphorbiaceae	^YôKokofeku	YH 465/HNB	1	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8	[110]
Lannea microcarpa, A. Rich	Anacardiaceae	^Bsinman, ^DMupèitèsinhou	YH 466/HNB	4	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically.	3.2	[111]
Maerua angolensis, DC	Capparaceae	^YiFetounanfè	YH 467/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically.	0.8
Newbouldia laevis seem	Bignoniaceae	^KAbountou	YH 468/HNB	1	L and R	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves of F. thonningii + N. laevis for the massage.	0.8	[112, 113]
							Powdered bark of the roots of N. laevis + F. thonningii adventitious roots applied topically
Ochna schweinfurthiana/Ochna rhizomatosa (van tiegh.) Keay	Ochnaceae	^WYinkpenoka, ^DMukentètié, ^BGounougokpes-sio	YH 469/HNB; YH 470/HNB	26	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically	21.0	[77, 114]
Ozoroa pulcherrima (schweinf.) R. & A.	Anacardiaceae	^DMukentétié	YH 471/HNB	2	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically	1.6
Paullinia pinnata, Linn	Sapindaceae	^WDikitinintibou	YH 472/HNB	2	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically	1.6	[115–117]
Piliostigma thonningii, (schum.) Milne-Redh	Fabaceae	^DTilabaati, ^BBakourou, ^NNambaati	YH 473/HNB	14	L and R	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; powdered bark of the roots applied topically	11.3	[117]
Rourea coccinea (schumach. & Thonn.) Benth	Connaraceae	^WTchekidafa	YH 474/HNB	1	L	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8	[118]
Sarcocephalus latifolius, J. E. Smith et E.A. Bruce	Rubiaceae	^YiOukôkômou, ^WComgonmou, ^DTikocoti	YH 475/HNB	4	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	3.2	[119]
Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. ssp. paradoxa	Sapotaceae	^Bsomou	YH 447/HNB	2	L	Fresh/dried	Infusion of the leaves for the massage; mixing of the butter with powdered plants applied as an ointment	1.6	[120]
Vitex doniana sweet	Verbenaceae	^NHampou	YH 476/HNB	1	L	Fresh	Infusion of the leaves for the massage	0.8
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich	Annonaceae	^WNadofacha, ^p Kimadjè	YH 477/HNB	8	Se	Dried	Powdered seeds applied topically	6.5

^aLocal name of the plant species: ^B(Bariba), ^D(Ditammari), ^K(Koura), ^N(Natimba), ^P(Peuhl), ^W(Waama), ^Yi(Yiende), and ^Yo(Yôme). ^bFrequency indicates the number of times species were mentioned and recorded by the 60 healers. ^cPlant indicates parts that were used: L (leaf), B (bark), R (root), S (stem), and Se (Seed).