Morus alba L. for Blood Sugar Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Long-term studies.

Study ID	Characteristics of study				Interventions				Outcome	Result	Adverse events
	Sample size (I/C)	Subject health	Age (mean, SD)	BMI (kg/m^2)	Period	Method	Intake	Control intervention
Thaipitakwong (2019)	54 (28/26)	FBS 100–140 or PP2hr 140–199	t/53.14 ± 5.48; c/52.00 ± 8.22	t/30.06 ± 4.06; c/31.61 ± 5.85	12w + 4w (f/u)	Diet education + powder	4.6 g (12 mg) tid a.c	Diet education + N.T	FBS; PP2hr; HbA1C; FPI; HOMA-IR	+; −; +; −; −	Bloating; Flatulence; Loose stool; Constipation
Kimura (2007)	12 (6/6)	Healthy	24.7 ± 1.0	21.3 ± 0.6	38 days	Powder	1.2 g (18 mg) tid a.c	Placebo	Glucose level; T-chol	−; −	N.R
Asai (2011)	65 (33/32)	FBS 110–140	t/53.6 ± 5.8; c/53.5 ± 7.5	N.R	12w + 4w (f/u)	Capsule	6 mg tid a.c	N.T	FBS; Insulin level; HbA1C; GA; 1.5AG	−; −; +; +; +	Abdominal distension; Modest proteinuria
Kim (2014)	38 (19/19)	FBS 100–125	t/53.0 ± 7.20; c/50.16 ± 7.83	t/24.69 ± 2.19; c/25.93 ± 3.86	4w	Tablet	3.6 mg tid	Placebo	FBS; PPG; PPI; Glucose (iAUC); Insulin (iAUC); C-peptide (iAUC); Other blood parameters	−; −; +; −; +; −; −	N.R
Yang (2006)	23 (14/9)	T2DM	t/58.9 ± 8.7; c/61.8 ± 10.8	t/23.4 ± 3.2; c/25.5 ± 5.3	12w	Capsule	0.5 g (5 mg) bid	Cellulose	FBS; HbA1C; T-chol; LDL; HDL; TG	−; +; −; +; −; +	Indigestion
Riche (2017)	17 (8/9)	T2DM^†	N.R	N.R	12w + 12w (f/u)	Capsule	1g tid	Placebo	SBP; DBP; HbA1C; Weight; SMBG	−; −; −; −; +^‡	Stomach upset; Influenza

GA, glycated albumin; 1.5AG, 1,5-anhydroglucitol; SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; PP2hr, blood glucose level at postprandial 2 hours; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein We use “+” if results were statistically significant and “–” if results were not statistically significant or have no difference. Start to end, each group. ^†Fairly controlled, HbA1C 7–8%. ^‡MLE group versus baseline.