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| Compounds | Dose and administration | Inflammation tissues/diseases | Animal | Outcomes | References |
|
| Total flavonoids | 50 and 100 mg/kg once a day for 10 weeks (i.g.) | Azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) stimulated colonic inflammation | Female C57BL/6 mice weighing 16–18 g | Greatly suppressed colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis by suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation | [46] |
| 1.56 g crude drugs per kilogram per day for 3 weeks (i.g.) | Arthritis induced by injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) | Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (200 ± 20 g) | Exhibited therapeutic effects on acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and inflammatory pain and reduced IL-1β and TNF-α in plasma level | [47] |
| 3–30 mg/kg (i.g.) for 5 times with an interval of 6 h before LPS instillation and for 2 times with an interval of 8 h after LPS instillation | LPS (2 mg/ml) induced acute inflammation of lung | ICR mice | Significantly attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation by suppressing inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory mediator release and reduced neutrophil-mediated oxidative injury | [30] |
| 500 and 250 mg/kg (i.g.) with 40 min before carrageenan injection | 1% (w/v) carrageenan-induced paw edema | SD rats (180–220 g) | Significantly ameliorated edema and reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS at a dose of 500 mg/kg | [29] |
| Licochalcone A | 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg (i.p.) at 1 h prior to LPS administration/1 h after LPS challenge | LPS-induced lung injury/acute kidney | BALB/c mice/female C57BL/6 mice | Attenuated lung/kidney histopathologic changes and inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS | [35, 48] |
| 50 mg/kg (i.p.) at 1 h before OVA challenges on days 25–27 | Ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated inflammation on noninfectious asthma | Female BALB/c mice, weighing about 16–18 g | Inhibited T-helper type 2 cytokines like IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased serum levels of OVA-specific IgG and IgE | [49] |
| Isoliquiritigenin | 20 mg/kg (i.p.) administered at 30 min, 12 h, and 24 h prior to LPS treatment/5–20 mg/kg given 1 h before LPS challenge | LPS-induced neuroinflammation/acute lung injury | Male Wistar rats/BALB/c mice | Reversed LPS-induced increase in expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and decreased NF-κB activity | [50, 51] |
| Treated with 1% isoliquiritigenin on dorsal skin daily from day 6 to day 18 | Repetitive application of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion | 6–8-week-old BALB/c mice | Suppressed the IgE and Th2 cytokines increase in blood and inhibited the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-4 at the site of skin lesion | [40] |
| Gavaged 7.5–75 mg/kg at 24 hours and 1 h prior to indomethacin challenge | Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) induced small intestinal damage | Wild-type male C57BL/6 mice (7-week-old) | Reversed indomethacin-induced increase in cleaved caspase-1 and mature IL-1β protein levels | [52] |
| Glabridin | Glabridin (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg/d) pretreated on shaved back for 7 days | Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation | BALB/c mice averagely weighted 20–25 g | Significantly downregulated the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and p65 | [41] |
| Gavaged 10 or 50 mg/kg/d 1 week before colitis induction and parallel with DSS-feeding for 7 days | Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 5%) induced colonic inflammation | Adult male Wistar rats/six-week-old female BALB/c mice | Ameliorated the disruption of the colonic architecture and reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and production of inflammatory mediators in colon | [53, 54] |
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