Analysis of Medication Rule of Primary Epilepsy Based on Xiaocheng Yan’s Clinical Experience Collection of Epilepsy

Table 4

Related active ingredients, functions, and possible mechanisms of Chinese herbs.

Chinese herbs	Active ingredients	Functions	Possible mechanism
[Tianma] Rhizoma Gastrodiae	Vanillyl alcohol; Gastrodin; Parishin; Gastrodia elata extract; 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and analogs	Antioxidation; Anticonvulsion; Anti-inflammation; Neuroprotection	(1) Adjust AP-1 expression through the JNK signaling pathway [22]; (2) Preclude NMDA excitotoxicity [23]; (3) Equalize the activity of GABA and glutamate [24]; (4) Modulate the MAPK-associated inflammatory responses [25, 26]; (5) Restrain Nav1.6 sodium currents [25, 26]
[Gouteng] Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis	Rhynchophylline	Anticonvulsion; Antioxidation; Neuroprotection	(1) Regulate the expressions of MIF and cyclophilin A [27]; (2) Reduce the expression of JNKp of MAPK signal pathways [28]; (3) Restrain Nav1.6 INaP and NMDA receptor currents [23]; (4) Reduce GFAP, S100 B proteins, and RAGE [29, 30]; (5) Attenuate mossy fiber sprouting and astrocyte proliferation [29, 30]; (6) Prevent neuron death [29, 30]; (7) Modulate TLR and neurotrophin signaling pathways [31]; (8) Restrain the expression of IL-1 and BDNF genes [31]
[Shichangpu] Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii	Volatile oil; a-asarone; β-asarone; Eudesmin; a-asarone	Anticonvulsion; Anti-apoptosis; Neuroprotection	(1) Protect GABA-immunoreactive neurons [32]; (2) Modulate GABAA receptors then enhance tonic GABAergic inhibition [33]; (3) Increase GABA, and reduce glutamate [32]; (4) Increase neurotrophic factors by triggering the PKA signaling pathway [34]; (5) Regulate Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 [34]
[Jiangcan] Bombyx Batryticatus	Beauvericin; Ammonium oxalate; Protein-rich extracts; Other ethanol extracts	Anticonvulsion; Anti-apoptosis; Antioxidation; Neuroprotection	(1) Modulate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways [35]; (2) Reduce IL-1β, IL-4, and TNF-a, and increase 5-HT and GABA [36]; (3) Reduce intracellular Ca2+ levels to prevent neuronal signaling [36]
[Fabanxia] Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum	Pinellia total alkaloids	Anticonvulsion	(1) Modulate GABAergic system [37]; (2) Upregulate GABAA receptors [37]
[Chantui] Periostracum Cicadae	Amino acid; Trace element (Al/P/Ca/Mg) [38]	Anticonvulsion	Not clear
[Chaihu] Radix Bupleuri	Saikosaponin A	Anticonvulsion; Neuroprotection	(1) Suppress NMDA receptor current, INap [39–41]; (2) Inhibit mTOR signaling pathway [39–41]; (3) Increase Kv4.2-mediated IA [39–41]
[Huangqin] Radix Scutellariae	Wogonin	Spasmolysis	Enhancing expression of GABAA receptors [42]
[Zhizi] Fructus Gardeniae	Geniposide	Antioxidation	Decreasing TNF-a, IL-1β levels, and plasma expression of vascular pseudohemophilia factor [43]
[Chenpi] Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae	Tangeretin; Nobiletin	Antiepileptic; Antioxidation; Neuroprotection	Decreasing TNF, IL-17, NF-κB, and MAPK levels [44]
[Gancao] Radix Et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae	Carbenoxolone	Antiepileptic	Reduce cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein and connexin 43 expression [45]
[Tianzhuhuang] Concretio Silicea Bambusae	Amino acid	Antiepileptic; Anticonvulsion; Neuroprotection	Reduce IL-1β, ICAM-1, IL-8, NF-κB, GFAP, and TNF-a [46]
[Fushen] Poria cum Ligno Hospite	Triterpene	Tranquilization	Not clear
[Yuanzhi] Radix Polygalae	(3-sinapoyl) fructofu-ranosyl-(6-sinapoyl) glucopyranoside; 3,4,5-trimethoxy-cinnamic acid (TMCA)	Neuroprotection; Antiepileptic	(1) Reduce Bax and increase Bcl-2 [47]; (2) Enhancing expression of GABAA receptors [48]
[Baishao] Radix Paeoniae Alba	Paeoniflorin	Anticonvulsion; Neuroprotection	(1) Suppress the elevation of c-Fos protein and increase transthyretin and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [49]; (2) Suppress the elevation of glutamate-induced intracellular Ca2＋ [50]
[Yujin] Radix Curcumae	Curcumin	Antidepressant; Improving- memory	Increase the expression of VEGF and its receptor FLK-1 [51]