Gastrodia elata BI.:A Comprehensive Review of Its Traditional Use, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics

Table 7

Pharmacological effects.

Pharmacological effects	Detail	Extracts/Compounds	Minimal active concentration/Dose	In Vitro/In Vivo	Ref
Central nervous system	Hypnosis and sedation	Fresh gastrodia	3 g/kg	In Vivo	[57]
		Gastrodin	50 mg/kg	In Vivo	[58]
		Gastrodia	1.2 g/kg	In Vivo	[59]
		Gastrodia	1.5 g/kg	In Vivo	[60]
	Anti-Parkinson’s disease	Gastrodia	5 g/kg	In Vivo	[61]
		Gastrodia	5 g/kg	In Vivo	[62]
		Gastrodia	0.4 g/kg	In Vivo	[63]
		Gastrodia	7.2 g/kg	In Vivo	[64]
		Gastrodin	50 mg/kg	In Vivo	[65]
		Gastrodin	100 mg/kg	In Vivo	[66]
		Saponins	1.5 g/kg	In Vivo	[67]
		Gastrodia; Gastrodin	2 g/kg; 100 mg/kg	In Vivo; In Vivo	[68]; [69]
	Antidepressant	Gastrodin	100 mg/kg	In Vivo	[70]
		Gastrodin	400 mg/kg	In Vivo	[71]
	Anticonvulsant	Stalks	500 mg/kg	In Vivo	[72]
		Seed	225 mg/kg	In Vivo	[73]
	Antivertigo	Gastrodin	600 mg/d	In Vivo	[74]
		Gastrodin	600 g/d	In Vivo	[75]
		Gastrodin	600 g/d	In Vivo	[76]
	Analgesia	Gastrodin	100 g/kg	In Vivo	[77]
	Antiepileptic	Gastrodin	0.37 ml/kg	In Vivo	[78]
		Gastrodin	50 mg/kg	In Vivo	[79]
		Gastrodin; Gastrodin	200 mg/kg; 200 mg/kg	In Vivo; In Vivo	[80]; [81]
		Gastrodin	60 mg/kg	In Vivo	[62]
	Protects nerve cells	Gastrodia	0.5 g/kg	In Vivo	[82]
Cardiovascular system	Protects cardiomyocytes	Gastrodin	10 μmol/L	In Vitro	[83]
		Gastrodin	50 mg/kg	In Vivo	[74]
		Gastrodin	20 mg/L	In Vitro	[21]
		Gastrodin	50 mg/kg	In Vivo	[84]
	Antihypertension	Gastrodin	0.6 g/d	In Vivo	[85]
		Gastrodia	10 mL/kg	In Vivo	[72]
		Extract G2	1.2 mg/ml	In Vivo	[86]
	Antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombosis	Gastrodin	20 mg/kg	In Vivo	[87]
		Gastrodin	7.5 mg/kg	In Vivo	[88]
		Gastropodol	8 mg/kg	In Vivo	[89]
	Promotes angiogenesis	Gastrodin	10 μg/kg	In Vivo	[90]
		Ethanol extract	0.94 g/kg	In Vivo	[35]
		GB	200 mg/kg	In Vivo	[91]
Skeletal system		Gastrodin	5 mg/kg	In Vivo	[45]
		Gastrodin	5 g/kg	In Vivo	[92]
		Gastrodin	25 mg	In Vivo	[93]
		Ethanol extract	100 mg/kg	In Vivo	[94]
Digestive system		Aqueous extract	0.5%	In Vitro	[95]
		Gastrodin	0.1 µM	In Vitro	[96]
		Gastrodia	25 g/kg	In Vitro	[97]
Urinary system		Gastrodin	0.30 g/kg	In Vitro	[40]
		Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, benzyl alcohol; 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	12.5 mg/kg	In Vitro	[98]
Respiratory system		Aqueous extract	10 ml/kg	In Vitro	[99]
Strengthens immunity		Gastrodin	400 mg/kg	In Vivo	[100]
Others	Antioxidant	Gastrodin	50 mg/ml	In Vitro	[53]
		Gastrodia	20 mg/kg	In Vivo	[52]
		Gastrodin	2 mL/d	In Vivo	[77]
	Treatment of deafness and tinnitus	Gastrodin	0.6 mL/d	In Vivo	[101]