Dietary Thymoquinone Alone or Combined with Swimming Exercise Protect against Microcystin-LR-Induced Oxidative Injury in Mice
Table 1
The biochemical effects of thymoquinone (TQ 5 mg/kg BW once daily for 21 days orally) and water exercise for 30 min daily during microcystin treatment (10 μg/kg BW/day for 14 days) on serum hepatorenal function biomarkers.
Control
EX Group
TQ Group
MCLR Group
MCLR-EX Group
MCLR-TQ Group
MCLR-TQ-EX Group
AST (U/L)
43.1 ± 4.5(a)
40.2 ± 5.1(a)
40.1 ± 4.8(a)
94.2 ± 9.3(b)
73.2 ± 11.6(c)
55.4 ± 6.8(d)
48.9 ± 2.5(ad)
ALT (U/L)
24.9 ± 2.9(a)
23.7 ± 2.0(a)
23.7 ± 1.9(a)
60.6 ± 7.3(b)
41.2 ± 4.0(c)
39.2 ± 4.0(c)
27.3 ± 5.3(a)
ALP (U/L)
67.6 ± 6.3(a)
62.2 ± 6.6(a)
62.2 ± 6.6(a)
152.3 ± 13.9(b)
106.6 ± 11.5(c)
95.7 ± 10.3(c)
73.4 ± 15.9(a)
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
106.2 ± 9.3(a)
105.0 ± 8.8(a)
100.7 ± 9.5(a)
243.8 ± 22.0(b)
184.1 ± 11.6(c)
164.1 ± 11.6(c)
112.6 ± 13.5(a)
LDH (U/L)
214.8 ± 29.1(a)
211.5 ± 29.6(a)
205.3 ± 29.6(a)
364.6 ± 41.9(b)
286.8 ± 27.6(c)
274.5 ± 27.3(c)
226.3 ± 17.1(a)
CK (U/L)
106.2 ± 14.5(a)
103.4 ± 18.9(a)
101.7 ± 17.0(a)
295.6 ± 20.2(b)
177.7 ± 12.7(c)
164.8 ± 9.5(c)
118.5 ± 13.2(a)
CK-MB (U/L)
35.5 ± 4.5(a)
34.4 ± 6.6(a)
33.9 ± 6.1(a)
146.5 ± 6.8(b)
80.2 ± 6.7(c)
71.3 ± 3.4(d)
40.3 ± 4.9(a)
Urea (mg/dl)
28.6 ± 3.5(a)
27.9 ± 3.3(a)
26.9 ± 3.3(a)
67.4 ± 6.5(b)
48.6 ± 7.5(c)
40.1 ± 7.5(d)
30.9 ± 3.7(a)
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.3 ± 0.1(a)
0.2 ± 0.1(a)
0.3 ± 0.1(a)
3.6 ± 0.5(b)
1.9 ± 0.2(c)
1.5 ± 0.2(d)
0.5 ± 0.1(a)
Values are presented as means ± SD (n = 8), and different superscripts show significant differences () between groups. ALT: alanine transferase; AST: aspartate transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CK: creatine kinase.
