Pharmacological Effects of Genistein on Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 3

Genistein effects on lipids profile.

Study Design	Doses	Route of administration	Effects	Ref
HepG2 cells cultured	0, 0.01, 1.00, 10.00, and 50.00 µM	Expose	↑Total-cholesterol levels; ↓HDL-C; ↓Apo-A1; ↑Sterol regulatory element binding proteins-2)SREBP-2) at protein and mRNA levels; ↑Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA levels; ↑3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR); ↑Intracellular cholesterol synthesis; ↓MRNA levels of (PPARγ); ↓X receptor of liver (LXRα); ↓LXRα and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein levels; ↑Intracellular cholesterol levels; ↑SREBP-2/LDLR/HMGCR pathway; ↓PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 pathway; ↓Cholesterol plasma levels; ↑Cholesterol absorption; ↓Cholesterol efflux	[43]
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	1000 nM	Pretreated with genistein	↓Ox-LDL induced senescence; ↓SA-β-gal activity and P16 and P21 protein; ↑Autophagic flux; ↑LC3-II,; ↓p-P70S6K, p-mTOR, and P62 level	[44]
Rats	50 mg/kg	Gavaged	↓Triglyceride and HDL level more than LCG or LC; ↓TNF-α, and IL-6	[45]
Rats	20 mg/kg	Gavage	↓Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA); ↓TNF-α; ↑Superoxide dismutase activity; ↓Luteinization; ↓Inflammatory cytokines	[46]
Rats	10 mg/kg/day	Expose	↓LDL cholesterol; ↓Total cholesterol levels	[47]
Rats	600 mg/kg diet	In the diet	↑Plasma insulin level; ↓HbA(1C) level; ↑Glucokinase level; ↓Hyperglycemia and Glucose-6-phosphatase	[48]
Rats	200 ppm	A 4-week feeding study	↓Serum cholesterol; ↑Total and trabecular bone mineral density	[49]
Rats	10 mg/kg	Subcutaneous administration	↓Total cholesterol levels; ↓Lipoprotein cholesterol levels; ↑TT levels; ↓Serum cholesterol levels; ↑Serum triglycerides	[50]
Hamsters	2 g/kg	Diet	↓Hyperlipidemia; ↓Triglyceride and LDL cholesterol; ↓Malondialdehyde; ↓Liver and plasma cholesterol; ↑Hepatic LDL receptor; ↑ α and β mRNA receptors of estrogen	[51]
Volunteers human	250 μmol/L	Was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide injection	↓Agonist-induced platelet aggregation; ↓Collagen- and ADP-dependent platelet activation; ↓Coronary atherosclerosis; ↓Platelet activity	[52]
Human	0.5–2.5 microM	Subjects consuming	↓Lipid peroxidation of HDL; ↑Conjugated dienes; ↓Alterations of apoprotein structure	[53]
Women	90 mg/day	Supplement for 12 week	↓ Triglyceride levels; ↓Total cholesterol; ↓Ldl	[54]
Postmenopausal women	54 mg	PO for 24 month	↓Fasting glucose; ↓HOMA-IR and insulin; ↓Homocysteine and Fibrinogen	[55]
Postmenopausal women	60 mg/day	Genistein or placebo capsule	↓Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG levels; ↑HDL-C levels; ↑Expression of LDLR, LXRα, and ABCG1; ↓Cholesterol	[56]