Background. Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been widely used to treat a variety of disorders, including renal diseases. Despite being well-established in clinical practice, the mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of DSS on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain elusive. Methods. To explore the therapeutic mechanism, we explored the action mechanism of DSS on DN using network pharmacology strategies. All ingredients were selected from the relevant databases, and active ingredients were chosen on the basis of their oral bioavailability prediction and drug-likeness evaluation. The putative proteins of DSS were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, whereas the potential genes of DN were obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. Enrichment analysis using gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) was performed to discover possible hub targets and gene-related pathways. Afterwards, the underlying molecular mechanisms of DSS against DN were validated experimentally in vivo against db/db mice. Results. We identified 91 phytochemicals using the comprehensive network pharmacology technique, 51 of which were chosen as bioactive components. There were 40 proteins and 20 pathways in the target-pathway network. The experimental validation results demonstrated that DSS may reduce the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM-1, as well as extracellular matrix deposition, by blocking the JNK pathway activation, which protects against kidney injury. Conclusion. This study discovered the putative molecular mechanisms of action of DSS against diabetic kidney damage through a network pharmacology approach and experimental validation.

Yulian Chen

Xiaodan Song

Yunxia Luo

Guandong Li

Yueming Luo

Ziyan Wang

Riming He

Jiandong Lu

Guoliang Xiong

Hong Cheng

Huilin Li

Shudong Yang

Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Danggui-Shaoyao-San against Diabetic Kidney Disease

Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease, whose occurrence and development mechanism is related to a great number of inflammatory cytokines. β-sitosterol (BS), a natural compound extracted from numerous vegetables and plant medicines, has been suggested to improve AS, but the underlying mechanism remains vague. This work focused on investigating how BS affected the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and further exploring the potential targets and mechanisms through network pharmacology (NP) and molecular docking (MD). According to in vitro experiments, LPS resulted in an increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Besides, secretion of IL-6, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and TNF-α also increased in HUVECs, whereas BS decreased the expression and secretion of these cytokines. NP analysis revealed that the improvement effect of BS on AS was the result of its comprehensive actions targeting 99 targets and 42 pathways. In this network, MAPKs signaling pathway was the core pathway, whereas MAPK1, MAPK8, MAPK14, and NFKB1 were the hub targets. MD analysis also successfully validated the interactions between BS and these targets. Moreover, verification test results indicated that BS downregulated the abnormal expression and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated cells, including p38, JNK, ERK, NF-κB, and IκB-α phosphorylation expressions. Furthermore, p65 nuclear translocation was also regulated by BS treatment. In conclusion, the BS-related mechanisms in treating AS are possibly associated with inflammatory response inhibition by regulating MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Yiming Bi

Hongfeng Liang

Xin Han

Kongzheng Li

Wei Zhang

Yigui Lai

Qiang Wang

Xuefeng Jiang

Xiaoshan Zhao

Huijie Fan

β-Sitosterol Suppresses LPS-Induced Cytokine Production in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via MAPKs and NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Background. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (C. nutans) has been used in the therapy of hepatitis B (HB) and is effective; however, the mechanism of action has not been elucidated. Objective. To investigate the protective effects of C. nutans aqueous extract on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) mouse model based on correlation analysis between gut microbiota and liver metabolomics. Materials and Methods. We firstly constructed the animal model by high-pressure injection of pcDNA3.1(+)/HBV plasmid into the tail vein and treated it with C. nutans. The biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines of HB were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative PCR; the Illumina-MiSeq platform was used for investigating gut microbiota; the LC-MS/MS method was utilized on screening liver tissue metabolites; multiomics joint analysis was performed using the R program. Results. Compared with the modeling group, C. nutans significantly decreased the expression levels of HBsAg, IL-1β, TNF-α<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M1" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g></svg> in the serum, and cccDNA <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M2" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg> in the liver tissues of mice. C. nutans dramatically reduced the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M3" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg> and significantly declined the proportion of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M4" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>, dramatically increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Rikenellaceae, and Alistipes<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M5" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>; LC-MS/MS analysis results showed that C. nutans dramatically upregulate hippuric acid, L-histidine, trehalose, D-threitol, and stachyose and downregulate uridine 5′-diphosphate, cholic acid, trimethylamine N-oxide, CDP-ethanolamine, and phosphorylcholine <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M6" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>. The correlation analysis revealed that C. nutans affects the related metabolite levels of hippuric acid and cholic acid through the modulation of crucial bacteria (Alistipes) <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.787pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M7" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.787 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.156,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.45pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="27.369183800000002 -9.28833 26.45 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.419,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.659,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.623,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.863,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,49.103,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg>, exerting specific anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion. These results suggest that C. nutans exerts protective effects in HBV model mice, showing the therapeutic potential for anti-HBV infection.

Rui Zhang

Zhe Lu

Yachen Xu

Qian Peng

Man Xiao

Shenggang Sang

Protective Effects of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau Aqueous Extract on HBV Mouse Model by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Liver Metabolomics

Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense is a plant mainly used to treat diarrhoea, rheumatism, nervous disorders, and wounds in African traditional medicine. The objective of the current work was to establish antibacterial, antioxidant potency, and chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense. The oils were isolated by steam distillation. Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12393), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATTC 19606), Salmonella enteritidis (NCTC12023), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), and Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 49766) was carried out by agar disk diffusion and microtiter broth dilution methods. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were examined by different methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays. Chemical characterization was performed using gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and quantification of phenolics and flavonoids by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium nitrate, respectively. The oils showed potential antibacterial activity with mean zone of inhibition ranging from 20.67 ± 0.33 to 32.00 ± 1.00 mm at 100% oil concentration against the tested bacteria. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in all the tested microorganisms were in the range from 250 to 15.6250 μg/ml. The essential oils derived from the leaves revealed varied antioxidant activity levels with the different methods of assay. The IC50 of values obtained from the three methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 were ˃1000 μg/ml, 0.31 μg/ml, and 12.33 μg/ml, respectively. Caryophyllene (22.1%) and 2, 3, 4-trimethylhexane were the major chemical components of the essential oils derived from the leaves and flowers, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers showed similarity at peaks for hydroxyl, unsaturated olefinic, and amine functional groups. Further findings indicated that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents essential oils derived from leaves were 130.4 6 ± 10.5 mg GAE/g dry weight and 0.911 ± 0.04 mg CE/g dry weight, respectively. It was therefore concluded that essential oils from the leaves and flowers of H. revolutum subsp. keniense have compounds that have antibacterial and antioxidant potency.

Geoffrey Ogeto Sengera

Evans Okemwa Kenanda

Jared Misonge Onyancha

Antibacterial, Antioxidant Potency, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Dried Powdered Leaves and Flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense (Schweinf.)

Globba sessiliflora Sims is an aromatic rhizomatous herb of family Zingiberaceae which is endemic to Peninsular India. This study first reports the phytochemical profile and pesticidal potential of oleoresins obtained from the aerial and rhizome parts of Globba sessiliflora Sims. The oleoresins were prepared by the cold percolation method and were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Both the oleoresins varied greatly in composition, the major compounds identified in aerial part oleoresin (GSAO) were methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, and phytol, while the major compounds present in rhizome part oleoresin (GSRO) were γ-sitosterol, 8 (17),12-labdadiene-15, 16-dial, methyl linoleate, and methyl palmitate. In order to evaluate the biological activities, the oleoresins were tested under laboratory conditions for nematicidal action and inhibition of egg hatching potential against root knot nematode, where GSRO was more effective. Insecticidal activity was performed against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and castor hairy caterpillar, Selepa celtis. In case of mustard aphid, GSRO (LC50 = 154.8 ppm) was more effective than GSAO (LC50 = 263.0 ppm), while GSAO (LC50 = 346.7.0 ppm) was more effective against castor hairy caterpillar than GSRO (LC50 = 398.1 ppm). The herbicidal activity was performed in the receptor species Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, and the oleoresins showed different intensities for seed germination inhibition and coleoptile and radical length inhibition. Molecular docking studies were conducted to screen the in vitro activities and through molecular docking, it was found that the major oleoresins components were able to interact with the binding pocket of HPPD and AChE with γ-sitosterol showing the best binding affinity.

Bhawna Verma

Himani Karakoti

Ravendra Kumar

Sonu Kumar Mahawer

Om Prakash

Ravi Mohan Srivastava

Satya Kumar

Shilpi Rawat

Dharmendra Singh Rawat

Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Pesticidal Efficacy in the Oleoresins of Globba sessiliflora Sims and In Silico Study

Background. Qinggan Huoxue recipe (QGHXR), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, has a protective effect against liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective. This study investigated the antifibrotic role of QGHXR and its underlying mechanisms. Methods. The composition of QGHXR was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet or pair-fed control diet and intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 for 8 weeks (n = 8). In week 5, the mice were administered 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg QGHXR via oral gavage daily for 4 weeks. Results. UPLC-MS result showed that QGHXR contained 45 compounds including salvianolic acid A, scutellarin, baicalin, rutin, and chai saponin D. QGHXR alleviated pathological alterations in the liver. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was reduced to 44.88 ± 4.39 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to 76.25 ± 4.17 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to 60.75 ± 5.41 U/L, and acetaldehyde to 38.54 ± 1.01 U/L compared with that of the control group (ALT 72.38 ± 5.19 U/L, AST 119.63 ± 9.82 U/L, and ALP 98.63 ± 6.71 U/L and acetaldehyde 64.86 ± 4.70 U/L). QGHXR inhibited lipid overproduction and fibrotic gene expression. The serum concentration of chemokine C-X-C ligand 16 (CXCL16) was reduced to 62.83 ± 6.80 pg/ml compared with that of the control group (130.91 ± 13.72 pg/mL). QGHXR downregulated CXCL16 mRNA and protein expressions. Pharmacological CXCL16 treatment reversed the QGHXR-induced protective effects in ethanol plus CCl4 fed mice. QGHXR reduced CXCL16 levels (91.97 ± 5.86 pg/ml) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared with that of the control group (148.68 ± 8.62 pg/ml) and inhibited toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-kappa B phosphorylation. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that QGHXR mitigates experimental alcoholic liver fibrosis by CXCL16 inhibition, and may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for treating liver fibrosis.

Ling Tang

Xiao Yu

Lu Zou

Shaobin Li

Yanqi Cheng

Yuqin Wu

Lianjun Xing

Hong Fang

Qinggan Huoxue Recipe Protects against Experimental Alcoholic Liver Fibrosis through CXCL16 Inhibition

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine seeks to apply scientific rigor to the study of complementary and alternative medicine, emphasizing on health outcome, while documenting biological mechanisms of action.

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Chief Editor,&nbsp;Jian-Li Gao works as research professorship at the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China. Her research focuses on hypertension and oncology, as well as evidence-based use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in reducing the side effects of conventional cancer treatments.&nbsp;

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Table of contents 2023

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | Hindawi

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine seeks to apply scientific rigor to the study of complementary and alternative medicine, emphasizing on health outcome, while documenting biological mechanisms of action.

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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