There is a natural decline in cognitive function as we age, particularly in processing speed and memory. However, a range of modifiable factors can increase the risk of accelerated cognitive decline including hypertension, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and impaired central nervous system glucose regulation. A number of these factors have also been shown to play a role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Given the lack of adequate interventions for cognitive decline and dementia, it is essential that treatments with the potential to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in older age are thoroughly explored.

Natural medicines, including vitamins, herbs, nutritional supplements, exercise, and diet, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, and antihypertensive properties, suggesting their utility in targeting the pathology associated with risk for cognitive decline in older age.

The purpose of this special issue is to explore the role of complementary and alternative medicine in the modification of risk factors for cognitive decline. We invite authors to contribute original research and review articles that will improve the understanding of the pathology involved in cognitive impairment in older age and the development of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine treatment strategies for cognitive decline.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Clinical evidence on complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment and the efficacy of cognitive enhancers
• Mechanistic studies (in vitro and/or in vivo animal models) of complementary and alternative medicines for cognition
• Emerging roles of complementary and alternative medicines in the management of cognitive impairment associated with a range of health conditions
• Interaction of natural products with other drugs and medications for cognition