Neurobiological diseases, such as Parkinson disease (PD), epilepsy, or axon degeneration, are prevalent in the modern world. The imbalance of the autonomic nerve system (ANS) can cause sleep problems, pain and can sometimes result in serious accidents. The medicines used to treat various neurobiological diseases, pain, and sleep problems can cause very serious side effects after long-term use.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been applied to various diseases as an important complementary and alternative medicine and has become increasingly popular all over the world. PBMT is a good method to reduce pain and sometimes can eliminate the cause of the pain itself. The applications of photobiomodulation (PBM) in neuroscience and ANS adjustment are also becoming increasingly important. Given these problems, both basic studies of PBM targeting the nervous system to prevent and treat the symptoms of neurological problems, and also the development of novel therapies that are used to treat neuro-problems, are highly necessary.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the latest research that will aid in understanding the basic mechanisms of PBM in neuroscience as well as new clinical applications. Developing new treatments to affect brain waves and adjust the ANS to handle neurobiological diseases is also urgently needed. Therefore, we kindly invite researchers to contribute original research and review articles investigating in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies focusing on neuroscience and neurobiological diseases.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Gender differences in PBMT and (laser) acupuncture
• Laser acupuncture and innovative laser treatment
• PBMT for epilepsy, ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), and neurobiological diseases
• PBMT for autonomic nervous system adjustment and sleep problems
• PBMT applications for athletes
• Rhythmic control of brain waves with PBMT
• Cognitive enhancement for brain activation by PBMT
• Dose-response of brain physiology behavior by light in animal/clinical trials
• PBMT for brain wave activation (including theory, experiments, and applications)
• New device design or measurement methods for PBMT