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| Study | Summary |
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| Kerns, W., 2nd, et al., Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1997. 29(6): p. 748–57. | Survival better for animals treated with insulin compared to those treated with glucagon or epinephrine. |
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| Toet, A.E., et al., Reduced survival after isoprenaline/dopamine in d,l-propranolol intoxicated rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 1996. 15(2):120–8. | No improvement in hemodynamic variables with isoproterenol. Addition of dopamine resulted in decreased MAP and survival time. |
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| Toet, A.E., et al., Experimental study of the detrimental effect of dopamine/glucagon combination in d,l-propranolol intoxication. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 1996. 15(5): 411–21. | No improvement of survival time with dopamine/glucagon but some improvement in hemodynamic variables. |
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| Holger, J.S., et al., A comparison of vasopressin and glucagon in beta-blocker induced toxicity. Clinical Toxicology: The Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, 2006. 44(1): 45–51. | Vasopressin resulted in higher MAP/SBP but no difference in survival compared to glucagon in porcine model. |
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| Holger, J.S., et al., Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clinical Toxicology: The Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, 2007. 45(4): 396–401. | Increased SVR with vasopressin/epinephrine but decreased survival when compared to insulin in porcine model. |
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| Kanagarajan, K., et al., The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clinical Toxicology: The Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, 2007. 45(1): p. 56–9. | Successful use of vasopressin in patient refractory to other therapies. |
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| Kline, J.A., E. Leonova, and R.M. Raymond, Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Critical Care Medicine, 1995. 23(7): p. 1251–63. | Insulin resulted in improved hemodynamic variables compared to epinephrine, calcium chloride, or glucagon. |
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| Stone, C.K., et al., Glucagon and phenylephrine combination versus glucagon alone in experimental verapamil overdose. [see comment]. Academic Emergency Medicine, 1996. 3(2): p. 120–5. | Decreased survival when phenylephrine combined with glucagon. |
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| Barry, J.D., et al., Vasopressin treatment of verapamil toxicity in the porcine model. J Med Toxicol, 2005. 1(1): p. 3–10. | Decreased survival with vasopressin. |
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| Sztajnkrycer, M.D., et al., Use of vasopressin in a canine model of severe verapamil poisoning: a preliminary descriptive study. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2004. 11(12): p. 1253–61. | Decreased cardiac index and no improvement in MAP. |
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| Anderson FJ, Hart GR, Crumpler CP, Lerman MJ: Clonidine overdose: Report of six cases and review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10 : 107–112. | Successful use of dopamine for improved blood pressure. |
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