Expert-Performed Endotracheal Intubation-Related Complications in Trauma Patients: Incidence, Possible Risk Factors, and Outcomes in the Prehospital Setting and Emergency Department
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of trauma patients, according to occurrence of ETI-related complications.
Number of ETI-related complications
≥ 1 (n =126)
0 (n =411)
P value
Age, years
59 (32–74)
60 (37–73)
0.864
Male, n (%)
80 (63.5)
291 (70.8)
0.121
Etiology of trauma, n (%)
0.499
Blunt injury
102 (81.0)
327 (79.6)
Penetrating injury
7 (5.6)
25 (6.1)
Burn
17 (13.5)
59 (14.4)
Anatomic parameters
AIS
Head or neck
3 (0–5)
2 (0–5)
0.036
Face
0 (0–1)
0 (0–1)
0.288
Chest
3 (0–4)
3 (0–4)
0.665
Abdomen or pelvic contents
0 (0–2)
0 (0–2)
0.526
Extremities or pelvic girdle
2 (0–3)
1 (0–3)
0.870
External
0 (0–0)
0 (0–0)
0.679
ISS
36 (25–45)
29 (22–42)
0.005
Physiological parameters
GCS
8 (3–12)
12 (6–14)
< 0.001
Initial recorded vital signs
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean [SD])
126 (41)
125 (40)
0.916
Heart rate, beats/min
101 (85–120)
92 (78–116)
0.011
Shock index
0.8 (0.6–1.1)
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
0.267
Respiratory rate, breaths/min
24 (20–30)
22 (18–30)
0.072
Pulse oximetry saturation, %
100 (95–100)
100 (98–100)
0.128
RTS
5.9 (4.2–6.9)
6.5 (5.1–7.8)
< 0.001
Ps, %
59.0 (18.8–85.4)
80.9 (40.4–95.0)
< 0.001
Charlson comorbidity index
0 (0–1)
0 (0–1)
0.579
Off-hours presentation,n (%)
76 (60.3)
246 (59.9)
0.926
Emergency operation, n (%)
54 (42.9)
204 (49.6)
0.183
Prehospital ETI
43 (34.1)
94 (22.9)
0.011
Prehospital times
From emergency call to scene arrival, min
9 (7–13)
10 (7–13)
0.877
From scene arrival to departure, min
12 (7–19)
12 (7–21)
0.96
From scene departure to hospital arrival, min
12 (8–22)
14 (8–24)
0.473
Total prehospital time, min
37 (27–57)
38 (27–59)
0.652
Characteristics of ETI
Three or more ETI attempts
12 (9.5)
2 (0.5)
< 0.001
ETI method
0.005
Without medication
45 (35.7)
90 (21.9)
Sedative/analgesic only
28 (22.2)
80 (19.5)
Paralytic agent only
9 (7.1)
31 (7.5)
Rapid sequence intubation technique
44 (34.9)
210 (51.1)
Hospital length of stay, days
42 (12–63)
43 (19–79)
0.550
Data are expressed as the median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale, ED: emergency department, ETI: endotracheal intubation, GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale Score, ISS: Injury Severity Score, Ps: probability of survival, RTS: Revised Trauma Score, SD: standard deviation. 6:01 PM to 8:00 AM on weekdays plus all weekend hours. Adjusted standardized residual > 1.96, adjusted standardized residual < −1.96.
