Factors Associated with Treatment Failure in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of COPD Admitted to the Emergency Department Observation Unit

Table 4

Multivariable regression analysis of factors associated with treatment failure.

Factors	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Arrhythmias	2.88 (0.91–9.11)	3.8 (1.04–13.9)	0.037
Diabetic mellitus	2.61 (1.29–5.28)	2.32 (1.09–4.95)	0.029
Long-term oxygen therapy	2.41 (1.01–5.78)	2.89 (1.08–7.72)	0.032
Short-acting beta-agonist use	5.65 (1.92–16.66)	6.06 (1.98–18.62)	<0.001
Pneumonia findings on chest X-ray	2.31 (0.83–6.45)	3.24 (1.06–9.95)	0.038
ED length of stay <4 h	1.93 (1.1–3.39)	2 (1.08–3.73)	0.026

Notes. Values <0.05 are statistically significant. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department. According to the National Health Service (NHS) of the United Kingdom, a maximum length of ED stay should be 4 h to improve the quality of ED care [15]. The multivariate analysis of this study used a cut-point of ED length of stay at ≤4 h according to the NHS.