The Association between Emergency Department Super-Utilizer Status and Willingness to Participate in Research

Table 1

Demographics by emergency department utilization.

	Super-utilizers (N = 962)	Nonsuper-utilizers (N = 5,877)	value
Gender
Female	63.7%	56.2%	<0.0001
Male	36.3%	43.8%
Average age
Female	40.5	43.3	0.0001
Male	45.9	42.8	0.0005
Race
Asian	0.2%	1.1%	0.0603
African American	62.3%	62.6%
Caucasian	30.7%	29.7%
Other	6.9%	6.5%
Latino/hispanic	4.6%	5.2%	0.4311
Marital status
Never married	49.1%	49.7%	<0.0001
Married	15.0%	21.1%
Divorced/separated/widowed	36.0%	29.3%
12+ years of education	71.4%	79.8%	<0.0001
Currently employed	21.6%	36.8%	<0.0001
Veteran status	10.0%	10.0%	0.9683
Household size (including participant)	3.3	3.1	0.0384
Food insecure (not enough $ to buy food)	64.7%	43.4%	<0.0001
Insurance status
Private insurance	14.9%	28.8%	<0.0001
Medicaid/medicare	39.6%	31.2%
Uninsured	45.5%	40.1%