|
| Intervention measure | Evidence content | Level of evidence | Recommended level |
|
| Breast feeding | (1) For neonates, providing breast milk through the nipple or syringe is as effective as using glucose and sucrose [14, 15, 20] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (2) For neonates, the smell of breast milk has an analgesic effect [13, 14] | Level 1 | Grade B |
| (3) Breast feeding should be the first choice for neonatal single operational pain, followed by glucose, sucrose, and other substitutes [20] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (4) In full-term neonates, breast feeding has a lower pain response compared with posture, shaking, and mother holding [15] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (5) The sweetener of breast feeding is lactose secreted by the mother, which is different from glucose and sucrose [16] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| Sweetener | (6) For neonates, the recommended dose of sucrose for analgesia is 12–120 mg [18] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (7) It is recommended that sucrose be taken orally at least 2 min before painful operation [18] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (8) Glucose in 20%–30% solution can replace sucrose for analgesic treatment [14] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (9) Sweeteners are suitable for infants <3 months [16] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (10) Sucrose is advised to be used with caution in preterm infants <32 weeks of pregnancy, unstable condition, and mechanically ventilated neonates [18] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| KMC | (11) KMC can relieve the pain of premature and full-term infants to a certain extent [15] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (12) KMC can be performed for neonates who are accustomed to nonbreast feeding [13] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (13) Low-birth-weight infants should implement KMC as soon as possible and as long as possible after birth [21] | Level 5 | Grade B |
| (14) In neonatal KMC, there is no difference in the analgesic effect between mothers and others [19] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (15) For neonates, KMC should choose a comfortable position and should be combined with slapping or shaking actions after vaccination [13] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| Sensory stimulation | (16) When all sensory stimulation are used, the analgesic effect is better than that of single oral sucrose [15] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (17) The upper limb massage can relieve the pain of neonates [16] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| (18) During the heel blood collection of premature infants, the pain can be alleviated by playing the same music that the mother heard during pregnancy [15] | Level 2 | Grade B |
| (19) During neonatal vaccination, the analgesic effect of taste stimulation combined with visual stimulation is better [13] | Level 1 | Grade A |
| Nonnutritive sucking (NNS) | (20) Sweeteners and NNS play a synergistic role in neonatal analgesia [18] | Level 1 | Grade A |
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