A Nomogram for Predicting Physical Restraint of Patients in Intensive Care Unit

Table 1

Univariate analysis of physical restraint in ICU patients.

Factor	PR group (n = 233)	Non-PR group (n = 270)	χ^2 /Z
Age, years, median (IQR)	72 (63,83)	65 (54,74)	−5.389	<0.001
BMI, median (IQR)	22.490 (19.305, 24.650)	22.325 (19.530, 25.138)	−0.723	0.470
Sex, n (%)
Male	147 (63.09)	176 (65.19)	0.239	0.625
Female	86 (36.91)	94 (34.81)
Disease classification, n (%)
Respiratory system	47 (20.17)	69 (25.56)	10.406	0.065
Digestive system	29 (12.45)	39 (14.44)
Nervous system	42 (18.03)	43 (15.03)
Circulatory system	34 (14.59)	28 (10.37)
Postoperative	61 (26.18)	52 (19.26)
Other	20 (8.58)	39 (14.44)
Consciousness, n (%)
Conscious	128 (54.94)	164 (60.74)	27.129	<0.001
Disorder	69 (29.61)	33 (12.22)
Coma	36 (15.45)	73 (27.04)
Activity ability, n (%)
Active	58 (24.89)	139 (51.48)	37.110	<0.001
Passive	175 (75.11)	131 (48.52)
Delirium, n (%)
No	171 (73.39)	248 (91.85)	30.642	<0.001
Yes	62 (26.61)	22 (8.15)
Analgesics, n (%)
No	125 (53, 65)	176 (65.19)	6.927	0.008
Yes	108 (46.35)	94 (34.81)
Sedatives, n (%)
No	106 (45.49)	147 (54.44)	4.008	0.045
Yes	127 (54.51)	123 (45.56)
Mechanical ventilation, n (%)
No	100 (42.92)	194 (71.85)	43.111	<0.001
Yes	133 (57.08)	76 (28.15)
RASS score, n (%)
≤−3	28 (12.02)	62 (22.96)	26.053	<0.001
−3 < RASS < 2	161 (69.10)	192 (71.11)
≥2	44 (18.88)	16 (5.93)
Muscle strength, n (%)
0–2	34 (14.60)	60 (22.22)	4.794	0.091
3	82 (35.19)	87 (32.22)
4-5	117 (50.21)	123 (45.56)
High-risk tubes, n (%)
No	43 (18.45)	98 (36.30)	19.734	<0.001
Yes	190 (81.55)	172 (63.70)

Note: BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PR, physical restraint; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale.