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| Author (year) | Region | Sample size | Treatment arms (no.) | Mean age (y) | Sex (male), (%) | GCS (admission) | Timing to starting of nutrition | Outcomes |
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| Young, 1987 | USA | 51 | Early PN (23) vs. delayed EN (28) | 33.0 | 82.4 | 4–10 | Early PN: within 48 hours postinjury; delayed EN: till the termination of low wall suction | GOS; mortality; complication rate; nitrogen balance; caloric balance; nitrogen intake; lymphocyte counts; albumin levels |
| Mazaherpur, 2016 | Iran | 60 | Continuous EN (20) vs. intermittent EN (20) vs. combination EN + PN (20) | 34.6 | 76.7 | 3–8 | NA | Received energy and protein; nitrogen balance; anthropometric indicators (weight; IBM) |
| Robert, 1983 | USA | 38 | Early TPN (20) vs. delayed SEN (18) | 40 | NA | Mean: 7.5 | Early PN: within 48 h after admission; delayed EN: bowel sounds were present and the gastric residual volume was less than 100 ml/hour | Mortality; GOS; nitrogen balance; nitrogen intake; calorie intake; serum transferrin values; serum albumin; serum glucose level; body temperature; triceps skinfold; midarm muscle circumference; total lymphocyte count; any other complication |
| Justo Meirelles, 2011 | Brazil | 22 | EN (12) vs. TPN (10) | 31 | 90.9 | 9–12 | Hemodinamically stable | Mortality; morbidity; length of stay in ICU; days of mechanical ventilation; calories and protein received daily; glucose, albumin, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), the ratio CRP/albumin; urinary urea nitrogen; nitrogen balance; N ingested-N excreted |
| Nataloni, 1999 | Italy | 45 | EN (15) vs. PN (15) vs. EN + PN (15) | 28 | 68.9 | Mean: 5.5 | All patients: two days after ICU admission | Serum prealbumin, RBP, albumin, transferrin, nitrogen balance |
| Li, 2015 | CN | 120 | Early EN (60) vs. PN (60) | 52.7 | 53.3 | NA | All patients: starting 48 h after surgery | Complication rate, albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood glucose (GLU) level, monitoring time and cost |
| Fan, 2016 | CN | 120 | EN (40) vs. PN (40) vs. early EN + PN (40) | 41.7 | 51.3 | 6–8 | All patients: within 48 h after admission | Mortality, T lympholeukocyte subsets, plasma immunoglobulin, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum prealbumin and hemoglobin, complications, length of stay in the NICU, mechanical ventilator utilization rate, and its durations |
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