Processes Governing Alkaline Groundwater Chemistry within a Fractured Rock (Ophiolitic Mélange) Aquifer Underlying a Seasonally Inhabited Headwater Area in the Aladağlar Range (Adana, Turkey)
Table 3
Summary of seasonal physicochemical composition of groundwater (from identical hand-dug wells; ) and snow () samples collected in the study area.
Parameter
Unit
Groundwater (dry season, October 2011)
Groundwater (wet season, May 2012)
Snow
Min
Max
Mean
Med
SD
Min
Max
Mean
Med
SD
Mean
EC
µS cm−1
301
621
419
395
79.2
256
556
377
369
71.9
8.2
TDS
mg L−1
207.2
432.3
288.2
269.9
62.7
136.5
336.1
207.1
195.6
51.6
3.76
DO
mg L−1
2.1
6.2
4.6
4.9
1.0
3.2
8.9
5.4
5.4
1.2
—
pH
7.9
9.4
8.7
8.8
0.5
7.4
9.3
8.2
8.1
0.4
5.78
Eh
mV
−141
−59
−102
−102
26.1
−145
−35
−80
−76
21.7
58
Temp.
°C
12.6
20.2
16.3
16.1
1.8
11.0
16.6
13.8
13.7
1.2
4.0
Ca2+
mg L−1
2.4
32.1
11.7
8.9
9.1
2.3
47.7
20.2
18.0
12.5
0.507
Mg2+
mg L−1
33.1
69.8
49.5
48.7
9.3
15.9
46.6
27.3
26.7
6.9
0.058
Na+
mg L−1
1.6
17.9
3.1
2.4
3.2
1.0
4.3
2.0
1.8
0.8
0.224
K+
mg L−1
0.2
4.0
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.1
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.112
Si
mg L−1
0.6
10.9
4.9
4.2
3.4
0.3
4.8
3.1
3.2
1.0
0.052
Cl−
mg L−1
0.2
5.4
2.4
2.4
1.5
2.0
7.0
3.7
3.5
1.4
0.213
mg L−1
0
11.0
1.7
1.0
2.9
0
7.0
0.9
0
1.8
0.494
mg L−1
113.1
320.4
195.3
181.8
53.8
94.7
244.1
142.8
132.0
41.2
1.512
mg L−1
2.9
32.8
14.2
11.3
9.6
0.4
19.6
2.6
1.7
3.7
0
F−
mg L−1
0
0.8
0.08
0.02
0.16
0
0.15
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.049
mg L−1
0.7
9.8
3.7
3.3
2.4
0.7
7.2
3.5
3.1
1.9
0.307
mg L−1
0
0.7
0.05
0.01
0.13
0
0.2
0.02
0.01
0.04
—
mg L−1
0
4.2
0.3
0
0.9
0
0.1
0.01
0
0.02
0.140
mg L−1
0
0.12
0.02
0
0.04
0
12.0
0.5
0
2.4
0.045
Al
µg L−1
3.1
221.8
21.9
9.1
43.7
2.5
28.8
8.2
5.6
7.3
16.0
As
µg L−1
0.9
1.7
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.1
B
µg L−1
13.7
58.0
30.5
29.4
12.5
4.8
30.9
13.0
12.6
6.4
1.2
Ba
µg L−1
0.4
5.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
0.1
3.4
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0
Br
µg L−1
20.3
37.8
26.6
25.5
4.4
25.9
37.9
31.0
30.9
2.8
1.1
Co
µg L−1
0
3.9
0.3
0
0.8
0
0.4
0.01
0
0.07
0.1
Cr
µg L−1
0
11.3
2.8
1.8
3.2
1.6
6.8
3.5
3.4
1.4
0.3
Cu
µg L−1
0
1.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.01
1.1
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
Fe
µg L−1
0
1018
88.8
28.9
201.1
0
75.4
13.0
4.3
19.4
3.0
Li
µg L−1
4.9
6.8
5.5
5.3
0.5
0.5
2.2
1.1
1.1
0.4
0.2
Mn
µg L−1
0.2
78.6
8.8
2.6
16.8
0
4.9
0.5
0.1
1.0
0.7
Mo
µg L−1
0.6
1.3
0.8
0.7
0.1
0
0.2
0.03
0
0.05
0.5
Ni
µg L−1
1.5
36.1
5.3
3.6
6.8
1.3
10.0
3.9
3.6
2.1
0.3
Sr
µg L−1
3.3
87.6
27.1
13.2
23.5
2.1
86.9
27.0
19.2
19.9
2.4
Ti
µg L−1
8.0
83.1
33.4
25.6
24.1
6.2
40.6
21.8
18.8
11.6
1.7
V
µg L−1
0.3
3.7
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
Zn
µg L−1
4.6
41.4
11.8
9.8
7.3
0.3
98.6
11.9
5.1
20.3
10.6
Electrical conductivity. Total dissolved solids (calculated as sum of all ions). Dissolved oxygen. Mean snow chemistry. Snow samples were collected in January 2012 () and February 2013 (); Min = minimum, Max = maximum, Med = median, and SD = standard deviation.
