Poroelasticity and Fluid Flow Modeling for the 2012 Emilia-Romagna Earthquakes: Hints from GPS and InSAR Data

Figure 4

Coseismic pore pressure, computed at the surface (a), in section AB (b), and in section CD (c) for scenario S1. Red: pore-pressure increase (i.e., compressive zones). Black arrows: fluid flow direction (logarithmic scale). Yellow (orange) line: intersections with the Ferrara (Mirandola) fault. Orange arrows: schematic fluid flow direction. Orange (black) dots and yellow (magenta) diamonds: location of the episodes of liquefaction and water level changes in wells, associated with the May 20 (May 29) earthquake. Except for the well data presented by Nespoli et al. [10] and Marcaccio and Martinelli [9], most changes in water levels are due to qualitative and sporadic observations performed in domestic wells, but they allow us to estimate the spatial scale on which the two earthquakes have influenced the aquifer. Green dashed lines represent the elastic and hydraulic discontinuities.