Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Geothermal Fluids in the Chabu High-Temperature Geothermal System, Southern Tibet

Table 1

Hydrochemical characteristics of geothermal spring samples from the research area (in mg/L, except for pH in standard pH units, mass flow rate in L/min, in °C, and charge imbalance in %). Sample H1 is the cold groundwater of the research area. The samples are listed in the order of the results of cluster analysis mentioned in “Cluster Analysis.”

Group	Sample ID		Mass flow rate	pH	TDS	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Cl	SO4	HCO3	CO3	Li	F	SiO2	B	Charge imbalance	Hydrochemical type
	H1	11	-	7.34	62.35	1.02	3.27	8.61	0.69	0.68	0.74	37.7	0	0.0098	0.31	13.79	0.022	−0.96	Ca-Na-HCO3
1	C31	87.3	1842.6	8.4	1933.04	52.38	403.14	2.47	3.25	303.18	89.96	478.71	60.99	7.83	11	309.58	48.84	−1.18	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C34	87.2	1311.6	8.42	1731.81	47.48	382.1	1.65	5.5	282.08	98.85	513.44	35.37	7.92	10	143.82	47.92	−1.58	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C35	78.6	70.3	8.6	1648.91	46.28	371.32	1.65	3.5	277.85	92.92	453.91	51.23	7.98	9.9	123.74	47.46	−1.53	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C6	81.4	172.8	8.64	1832.81	47.54	385.2	2.42	1.96	281.08	99.54	458.34	53.18	8.37	9.8	294.12	47.46	−0.87	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C32	87	98.2	8.82	1784.5	48.08	391.2	1.24	4	287.7	97.86	410.5	90.26	7.92	10.4	287.84	47.96	−1.64	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C3	80.8	21.6	8.73	1691.54	46.4	385.2	2.42	2.45	286.02	103.4	406.84	83.57	8.95	9.84	162.32	48.38	−1.61	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C33	87.3	17.3	8.9	1593.57	44.56	378.25	1.65	4.5	279.97	92.92	311.29	129.29	7.38	9.5	135.06	47.54	−1.63	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C5	81.8	151.2	8.82	1769.56	43.2	379.5	2.42	3.91	276.84	89.87	375.94	98.76	8.21	9.62	289.94	47.46	−1.03	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C19	78.7	324.0	8.51	1800.12	53.22	378.25	1.61	0.98	282.49	76.34	388.81	96.23	7.47	9.82	312.14	48.38	−1.56	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C20	83.2	496.8	8.55	1854.85	58.62	384.94	1.61	1.47	286.73	78.28	435.16	73.44	8.13	10	321.9	48.38	−0.53	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C18	79.2	64.8	8.48	1848.79	58.94	397.98	1.61	0.98	284.61	74.41	383.66	96.23	7.96	9.43	345.36	46.54	1.4	Na-Cl-HCO3
2-1	C1	70.4	6.5	8.25	1850.07	41.68	420	4.83	1.96	292.38	89.87	538.15	43.05	8.37	10	153.6	49.30	0.1	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C26	76	0.0	8.21	1864.55	39.58	393.6	4.84	2.45	282.49	86.01	533.01	20.25	7.89	10.2	296.22	46.54	0.01	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C23	81.6	0.0	8.25	1923.22	39.78	407.36	4.03	2.45	290.96	78.28	517.56	45.58	8.41	10.4	305.64	52.99	−0.09	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C36	77.6	432.0	8.22	1798.58	39.43	397.94	4.03	1.47	278.25	76.34	468.63	53.18	8.14	9.06	270.64	49.30	1.13	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C11	80.6	216.0	8.24	1843.16	41.2	396.54	4.03	1.47	279.66	72.48	509.83	40.52	8.24	9.9	284.64	48.38	0.47	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C25	77.2	43.2	8.22	1894.08	48.42	407.08	6.45	1.96	281.08	89.87	538.16	22.79	8.11	10.4	285.6	48.38	1.65	Na-Cl-HCO3
	C4	72.2	0.2	8.6	1702.44	44.96	385.4	2.42	2.93	276.84	86.01	489.23	37.99	7.98	9.44	174.18	45.61	0.11	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C21	77.4	43.2	8.34	1796.67	43.2	395.86	6.45	0.98	269.07	87.94	471.21	45.58	8.18	9.22	275.18	45.61	1.94	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C7	80	0.0	8.5	1783.32	46.2	401.29	4.83	1.47	272.6	86.01	435.16	65.84	8.04	9.4	261.4	47.46	1.17	Na-HCO3-Cl
2-2	C24	66	6.5	7.5	1878.5	39.85	372.36	15.32	2.93	264.83	76.34	605.11	0	7.94	9.3	295.68	46.54	−0.26	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C28	71	21.6	7.53	1950.27	44.7	400.91	20.97	2.45	278.25	78.28	669.48	0	7.94	9.91	239.22	49.30	0	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C22	78.8	43.2	8.21	1830.68	44.5	383.68	10.48	1.47	264.13	78.28	592.23	20.25	7.71	9.62	227.74	47.46	0.03	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C30	57.6	2.2	6.89	1915.04	43.8	397.84	17.74	0.98	280.05	84.07	581.93	0	7.92	9	302.5	46.54	1.17	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C27	70	0.0	7.38	1929.03	42	390	11.03	2.2	271.9	79.24	569.06	0	7.49	9.96	362.15	47.46	1.74	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C29	62.6	43.2	7.4	1980.45	37.84	399.6	20.97	2.93	272.6	76.34	623.13	0	7.89	9.42	344.34	45.61	1.93	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C2	77.6	86.4	8.1	1922.72	40.18	399	11.4	1.47	272.6	70.2	587.08	0	8.11	9.63	328.86	48.38	1.43	Na-HCO3-Cl
3	C14	70	2.2	7.62	1828.63	40.6	387.28	22.58	5.65	272.6	123.69	589.66	0	8.09	10.6	227.13	48.00	0.37	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C16	66.2	21.6	7.6	1943.51	38.42	397.62	12.9	7.82	272.6	115.96	636	0	7.49	9.8	243.98	49.76	−0.96	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C15	62	2.2	7.7	1865.26	38.7	355.9	22.58	5.86	254.24	96.63	602.53	0	7.42	9.45	276.96	47.96	−1.05	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C8	67.8	2.2	7.3	1925.16	37.6	375.98	19.35	10.76	262.72	104.37	641.15	0	7.66	9.43	261.76	47.92	−0.78	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C12	68.8	21.6	7.28	1878.22	40.2	384.12	11.29	8.8	268.37	98.57	620.56	0	7.93	10.4	225.94	49.76	−0.43	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C9	58.8	21.6	6.6	1931.58	39.2	372.1	17.74	7.82	266.95	92.77	610.26	0	7.14	9.8	307.31	49.76	−0.59	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C17	61.4	21.6	7.17	1914.32	41.5	370.9	11.29	5.86	262.72	104.37	593.52	0	7.78	10.8	312.17	47.92	−1.32	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C13	74.6	32.4	7.42	1881.16	36.4	377.82	19.35	7.82	266.95	108.23	626.99	0	7.29	10.2	228.16	47.92	−1.41	Na-HCO3-Cl
	C10	73	0.0	7.18	1965.03	38.2	375.78	16.13	6.85	269.78	105.1	602.53	0	4.12	9.8	325.78	51.60	−1.29	Na-HCO3-Cl