Surface to Groundwater Interactions beneath the City of Berlin: Results from 3D Models
Table 1
Physical properties of the model units as used for the numerical simulations.
Geological unit (predominant lithology)1
(W/(mK))
(W/m3)
(MJ/(m3K))
(—)
(m/s)
Neogene
Holocene to Weichselian (slightly gravelly sand)
2.71
0.9E-06
1.57
0.32
1.42E-05
Eemian to Saalian (gravelly muddy sand)
2.59
0.9E-06
1.58
0.314
4.04E-06
Holstein (gravelly mud)
2.17
0.9E-06
1.67
0.296
1.91E-08
Elsterian (gravelly muddy sand)
2.35
0.9E-06
1.61
0.304
8.98E-07
Miocene (slightly gravelly muddy sand)
2.47
1.0E-06
1.56
0.301
6.88E-07
Paleogene
Cottbus (slightly gravelly muddy sand)
2.62
1.3E-06
1.7
0.305
1.15E-06
Rupelian (slightly sandy mud)
1.64
1.3E-06
1.81
0.237
3.23E-08
Pre-Rupelian (slightly gravelly muddy sand)
2.48
1.3E-06
1.7
0.297
6.56E-07
Upper Cretaceous (limestone with marl)
2.82
0.6E-06
2.29
0.11
4.81E-07
Lower Cretaceous (marl with claystone)
2.36
1.5E-06
2.29
0.11
4.81E-07
Jurassic (claystone with silt- and sandstone)
2.71
1.5E-06
2.25
0.189
4.81E-07
Triassic
Keuper (claystone with marl and gypsum)
2.35
1.6E-06
2.32
0.128
9.62E-09
Upper Muschelkalk (limestone with marl)
2.3
1.0E-06
2.25
0.15
9.62E-09
Middle Muschelkalk (evaporites)
2.3
1.0E-06
2.25
0.036
Impermeable
Lower Muschelkalk (limestone with mudstone)
2.3
1.0E-06
2.25
0.12
5.77E-10
Upper Buntsandstein (silt- and sandstone with rock salt and carbonates)
3.0
1.8E-06
2.19
0.025
6.44E-09
Middle Buntsandstein (sandstone with silt- and claystone)
2.0
1.8E-06
2.39
0.135
5.84E-07
Lower Buntsandstein (silt- and claystone)
1.84
1.8E-06
2.39
0.049
1.25E-09
Permian
Zechstein (rock salt with gypsum and carbonate)
4.5
0.4E-06
1.94
0.005
Impermeable
Sedimentary Rotliegend (claystone with silt- and sandstone)
3.0
1.4E-06
2.18
0.078
5.06E-08
Permocarboniferous (rhyolite and andesite)
2.5
2.9E-06
2.6
0.032
8.66E-10
Basement (strongly compacted clastics)
2.2
2.8E-06
2.3
0.01
Impermeable
: bulk thermal conductivity; : radiogenic heat production; : volumetric heat capacity of solid; : porosity; : hydraulic conductivity; impermeable refers to -40 m/d. Values were derived from [11, 18–23] with more details about the Cenozoic in Frick et al. [9] and the pre-Cenozoic in Sippel et al. [11].
