Thermally Affected Zone (TAZ) Assessment in Open-Loop Low-Enthalpy Groundwater Heat Pump Systems (GWHPs): Potential of Analytical Solutions

<table class="table-group" id="tab4"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left"></td><td class="align_center">Depth</td><td class="align_center">Simulation width (isotherm 16 °C)</td><td class="align_center">Simulation length (isotherm 16°C)</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left"></td><td class="align_center">m</td><td class="align_center">m</td><td class="align_center">m</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Season 2010</td><td class="align_center">32.24</td><td class="align_center">43.75</td><td class="align_center">166.69</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Season 2016</td><td class="align_center">31.24</td><td class="align_center">87.60</td><td class="align_center">141.79</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Simulated maximum thermal plume width (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="14.0004pt" id="M114" style="vertical-align:-5.3645pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 18.4484 14.0004" width="18.4484pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M962 650H739L732 622L760 619C812 613 819 604 798 552C760 457 671 267 606 131H604L511 638H480L237 131H233L183 554C177 607 183 614 226 619L248 622L257 650H24L17 622C88 615 92 611 103 524L173 -11H203L450 491H453L543 -11H575L839 529C882 609 886 613 953 622L962 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.777,3.132)"><path d="M169 380V459C122 440 66 423 24 416V392C86 384 90 382 90 317V-135C90 -201 81 -207 17 -213V-240H253V-213C176 -207 169 -201 169 -125V6C182 -1 208 -11 238 -12C368 12 487 109 487 260C487 358 421 449 310 449C298 449 279 444 261 433L169 380ZM169 346C196 367 237 389 269 389C341 389 403 329 403 221C403 109 347 37 263 37C228 37 191 53 169 76V346Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.482,3.132)"><path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z"></path></g></svg>)</span> and length (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="14.0004pt" id="M115" style="vertical-align:-5.3645pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 15.9561 14.0004" width="15.9561pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.294,3.132)"><path d="M169 380V459C122 440 66 423 24 416V392C86 384 90 382 90 317V-135C90 -201 81 -207 17 -213V-240H253V-213C176 -207 169 -201 169 -125V6C182 -1 208 -11 238 -12C368 12 487 109 487 260C487 358 421 449 310 449C298 449 279 444 261 433L169 380ZM169 346C196 367 237 389 269 389C341 389 403 329 403 221C403 109 347 37 263 37C228 37 191 53 169 76V346Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.998,3.132)"><path d="M238 0V26C174 32 166 38 166 104V712C132 700 70 683 18 677V653C81 647 87 645 87 577V104C87 38 78 32 15 26V0H238Z"></path></g></svg>)</span> for each monitored season, 2010 (128 simulation days) and 2016 (90 simulation days).</div>

Geofluids

tab4

Table 4

Table 4: Thermally Affected Zone (TAZ) Assessment in Open-Loop Low-Enthalpy Groundwater Heat Pump Systems (GWHPs): Potential of Analytical Solutions 