Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example

<div>Plots of the relationship between the AE counts/accumulative counts, AE energy/accumulative energy, and loading pore pressures for the horizontal samples H1, H2, H3. (a, b) Plots of the sample H1. (c, d) Plots of the sample H2. (e, f) Plots of the sample H3. The green dashed lines roughly indicate the three stages (I: initial stage; II: quiet stage; and III: fracturing stage) of the fracturing process.</div>

Geofluids

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example 

Figure 4 | Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example 