Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example

<div>Plots of the relationship of AE counts/accumulative counts, AE energy/accumulative energy, and loading pore pressures for the vertical samples T1, T2, T3. (a, b) Plots of sample T1. (c, d) Plots of sample T2. (e, f) Plots of sample T3. The green dashed lines roughly indicate the three stages (I: initial stage; II: quiet stage; and III: fracturing stage) of the fracturing process.</div>

Geofluids

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Figure 5

Figure 5: Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example 

Figure 5 | Multifractal Analysis of Acoustic Emissions during Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments under Uniaxial Loading Conditions: A Niutitang Shale Example 