Formation Mechanism of Mud Volcanoes/Mud Diapirs Based on Physical Simulation

Table 1

Parameters of experimental materials.

Materials	Simulation object	Parameters
Silica-gel mixture	Plastic mantle	Viscosity: 10^4 pa·s; Density: approximately 1.2 g/cm^3 (at 28°C)
80-mesh quartz sand	Mudstone	Particle size: 180 μm; Internal friction angle: 31°-38°; Density: approximately 2.2-2.65 g/cm^3
60-mesh quartz sand	Siltstone	Particle size: 250 μm; Internal friction angle: 36°-40°; Density: approximately 2.2-2.65 g/cm^3
Vegetable oil mixture	Fluid injection	Viscosity: 10^2 Pa·s; Density: approximately 1.6 g/cm^3 (at 28°C)