Experimental Investigation on Frost Heaving Force (FHF) Evolution in Preflawed Rocks Exposed to Cyclic Freeze-Thaw Conditions

Figure 11

Optimal combinations to maximize the frost heaving force. (a–d) Plots of the optimal factors of flaw width, flaw length, flaw cement type, and rock lithology, respectively.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)