Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment in the High Agri Valley (Southern Italy)

Table 1

Location (latitude and longitude by WGS84-33T), water type (W: well; S: spring), physico-chemical parameters (T, pH, Eh, TDS), major elements (from Ca²⁺ to HCO₃^-), and irrigation quality parameters (SAR, MAR, %Na, RSBC, PI) of the investigated groundwaters. Spring water is from fissured and/or karstified aquifer, while well waters from shallow porous aquifer.

ID	Lat.	Long.	Type		pH	EC	Eh	TDS	Na^+	K^+	Ca^2+	Mg^2+	SiO2	Cl-	NO3^-	NO2^-	SO4^2-	HCO3^-	IB	SAR	MAR	Na	RSBC	PI
				°C		μS/cm	mV	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	%	meq/l	%	%	meq/l	%
P1	563935	4471312	W	21	6.51	837	720	647	8.5		5.4	107	9.7	10.8	3.7	b.d.l.	14.7	488	4.1	0.2	97.0	3.9	7.7	34.0
P2	563284	4471850	W	16.5	6.8	681	760	585	9.0		12.2	91	10.6	9.1	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	26.4	427	4.1	0.2	92.5	4.6	6.4	35.9
P4	563554	4472085	W	15	7.05	522	783	434	7.9		9.7	63	8.0	7.0	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	34.0	305	0.8	0.2	91.4	5.7	4.5	43.0
P5	563572	4471846	W	19.5	6.75	869	800	812	32.8		17.8	108	14.3	32.4	58	b.d.l.	47.3	502	0.5	0.6	90.9	12.8	7.3	38.4
P6	563444	4471523	W	20	6.82	710	750	631	13.7	1.6	13.3	96	12.0	13.4	3.4	b.d.l.	40.4	439	4.0	0.3	92.2	6.9	6.5	35.9
P7	566491	4469202	W	18.5	7.05	1000	752	748	25.3	16.5	20.8	100	17.1	26.9	203	b.d.l.	61.7	293	1.3	0.5	88.8	14.1	3.8	31.7
P8	571209	4467296	W	16.5	6.95	620	770	541	7.1	1.4	11.6	82	17.3	7.9	21.0	b.d.l.	16.7	378	3.6	0.2	92.1	4.5	5.6	36.8
P10	570710	4467800	W	16.4	6.79	578	722	481	14.8	1.7	12.1	68	14.5	12.6	13.4	b.d.l.	16.0	329	4.6	0.4	90.3	9.9	4.8	43.2
P17	561946	4470037	W	19	6.9	617	755	538	10.4		18.3	77	16.4	11.9	7.5	b.d.l.	6.8	390	4.6	0.2	87.3	5.9	5.5	38.9
P18	563128	4471200	W	16.6	6.32	770	370	657	16.1	1.7	16.4	90	22.3	15.3	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	45.7	451	1.1	0.3	90.1	8.3	6.6	38.3
P19	562941	4471047	W	22.7	6.79	579	483	499	7.4	1.13	19.0	68	9.1	8.0	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	9.5	378	2.0	0.2	85.6	5.1	5.3	40.8
P20	562786	4470103	W	18.2	6.45	453	530	385	8.1	6.1	18.2	49	9.6	10.3	19.6	b.d.l.	13.8	256	3.4	0.2	81.7	9.3	3.3	45.3
P22	565018	4467747	W	18.4	7.05	566	240	504	21.0		25.2	57	13.7	6.9	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	2.8	378	3.0	0.5	78.8	13.3	4.9	49.7
P23	567389	4467585	W	19.4	6.86	765	668	679	10.6	1.1	25.7	96	10.7	8.5	3.6	b.d.l.	24.1	500	3.6	0.2	86.0	5.1	6.9	34.5
P24	573780	4463398	W	16.5	6.91	577	570	511	20.8		11.5	67	15.3	8.6	3.7	b.d.l.	6.8	378	2.4	0.5	90.6	13.0	5.6	48.7
S3	565710	4470285	S	18	7.39	365	730	330	5.3	1.1	7.8	51	6.9	6.6	2.2	b.d.l.	6.8	244	5.1	0.2	91.5	5.3	3.6	46.4
S11	563543	4466886	S	11.5	7.3	317	680	303	3.2		11.9	44	4.7	4.5	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	3.4	232	4.0	0.1	85.8	3.2	3.2	48.2
S12	562611	4467695	S	12	7.1	340	760	305	3.2		9.6	46	4.7	4.2	2.5	b.d.l.	3.5	232	4.5	0.1	88.8	3.2	3.3	47.4
S13	561505	4472467	S	11.3	7.13	346	750	307	3.7		11.0	45	5.9	5.0	b.d.l.	b.d.l.	4.2	232	4.8	0.1	87.1	3.6	3.2	47.6
S14	564327	4461796	S	11	7.11	388	675	340	3.4		14.6	49	5.2	5.1	3.4	b.d.l.	3.4	256	4.6	0.1	84.7	3.0	3.5	44.8
S15	573856	4461380	S	14.1	6.87	560	774	473	7.3	1.8	18.6	64	8.8	8.1	5.2	b.d.l.	6.9	354	2.1	0.2	85.0	5.5	4.9	41.8
S16	573856	4461380	S	16.2	7.06	500	790	424	6.3		16.1	60	8.5	6.9	4.2	b.d.l.	5.9	317	3.4	0.2	85.9	4.6	4.4	42.7
S21	561657	4470549	S	14	6.76	442	738	435	14.4	1.36	18.5	55	10.5	6.9	2.4	b.d.l.	9.6	317	3.9	0.4	83.1	10.8	4.3	47.8
S25	575348	4460258	S	13.5	6.7	585	732	484	9.9	3.17	15.9	64	11.1	9.8	10.2	b.d.l.	9.0	354	0.8	0.2	87.0	7.8	5.0	43.5
d.l.									0.9	1.0	0.5	0.6	3.0	1.6	1.9	0.9	1.5	n.d.

EC: electrical conductivity measured at 25°C; : temperature; Eh: redox potential; TDS: total dissolved solid; d.l.: detection limit; b.d.l.: below detection limit; IB: ionic balance; SAR: sodium adsorption ratio by Richards [26]; MAR: magnesium adsorption ratio by Raghunath [27]; %Na: sodium percentage by Todd and Mays [28]; RSBC: residual sodium bicarbonate by Gupta and Gupta [29]; PI: permeability index by Ragunath [27].