Effects of Cavities on Lining Structure behind Cold Zone Tunnels Based on Coupled Thermal Analysis

Table 1

Calculation of thermodynamic parameters of model materials.

Materials	Specific heat capacity J/kg∙°C	Thermal conductivity W/m∙°C	Coefficient of thermal expansion °C^-1	Density; kg/m ^3	Elastic modulus MPa	Poisson’s ratio	Cohesion; MPa	Internal friction angle°
Surrounding rocks	698	2.26		2000	1500	0.4	0.22	34
Lining	960	3.01	0	2800	32000	0.2
Air	1	—	—	1.29	—	—
Water	4 200	0.6		1000	2160	0.49