Effects of Cavities on Lining Structure behind Cold Zone Tunnels Based on Coupled Thermal Analysis

Table 2

Internal structural forces without water-bearing cavities.

Ambient temp, °C	Top of the vault		Foot of the vault
	Max. tensile stress, kPa	Max. compressive stress, kPa	Max. tensile stress, kPa	Max. compressive stress, kPa
-10	119.6	48.2	20.1	8.2
-30	169.8	295.8	31.2	51.5
% increase	42%	514%	55%	528%