Effects of Cavities on Lining Structure behind Cold Zone Tunnels Based on Coupled Thermal Analysis

Table 3

Internal structural forces with water-bearing cavities.

Ambient temp, °C	Top of the vault		Foot of the vault
	Max. tensile stress, kPa	Max. compressive stress, kPa	Max. tensile stress, kPa	Max. compressive stress, kPa
-10	212.8	362.4	15.3	26.2
-30	382.6	598.8	126.5	31.8
% increase	80%	65%	727%	21%