Predicting Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Zambia: An Application of Machine Learning

Table 4

Performance of ML models for all features compared to selected features in both imbalance and balanced mortality classes.

		Imbalanced classes		Balanced classes
		All features	Selected features	All features	Selected features
XGB	Accuracy	0.734	0.718	0.934	0.923
	Recall (TPR)	0.675	0.706	0.945	0.942
	Specificity (TNR)	0.740	0.731	0.923	0.904
	Precision (PPV)	0.218	0.226	0.925	0.907
	F1-score	0.325	0.335	0.934	0.924
	ROC_AUC	0.793	0.776	0.982	0.975
	PRC_AUC	0.347	0.353	0.983	0.974
GB	Accuracy	0.623	0.906	0.921	0.917
	Recall (TPR)	0.279	0.279	0.933	0.942
	Specificity (TNR)	0.968	0.968	0.908	0.892
	Precision (PPV)	0.472	0.446	0.911	0.897
	F1-score	0.348	0.340	0.922	0.919
	ROC_AUC	0.731	0.774	0.976	0.971
	PRC_AUC	0.289	0.337	0.974	0.967
RF	Accuracy	0.721	0.789	0.907	0.908
	Recall (TPR)	0.636	0.628	0.926	0.936
	Specificity (TNR)	0.807	0.805	0.889	0.880
	Precision (PPV)	0.246	0.248	0.893	0.886
	F1-score	0.354	0.352	0.909	0.910
	ROC_AUC	0.811	0.811	0.969	0.968
	PRC_AUC	0.392	0.374	0.966	0.964
SVM	Accuracy	0.705	0.697	0.897	0.880
	Recall (TPR)	0.713	0.784	0.928	0.914
	Specificity (TNR)	0.696	0.689	0.865	0.845
	Precision (PPV)	0.191	0.202	0.874	0.856
	F1-score	0.301	0.320	0.900	0.884
	ROC_AUC	0.792	0.813	0.941	0.941
	PRC_AUC	0.340	0.351	0.922	0.928
DT	Accuracy	0.703	0.726	0.880	0.882
	Recall (TPR)	0.713	0.660	0.888	0.906
	Specificity (TNR)	0.702	0.733	0.872	0.857
	Precision (PPV)	0.191	0.198	0.874	0.864
	F1-score	0.301	0.303	0.881	0.885
	ROC_AUC	0.752	0.743	0.909	0.907
	PRC_AUC	0.351	0.345	0.922	0.918
LR	Accuracy	0.723	0.718	0.831	0.819
	Recall (TPR)	0.737	0.753	0.840	0.832
	Specificity (TNR)	0.723	0.715	0.823	0.806
	Precision (PPV)	0.210	0.208	0.826	0.812
	F1-score	0.326	0.325	0.832	0.821
	ROC_AUC	0.810	0.817	0.908	0.901
	PRC_AUC	0.370	0.365	0.911	0.903
NB	Accuracy	0.886	0.895	0.785	0.792
	Recall (TPR)	0.247	0.225	0.728	0.806
	Specificity (TNR)	0.950	0.962	0.841	0.778
	Precision (PPV)	0.327	0.371	0.821	0.784
	F1-score	0.280	0.278	0.770	0.794
	ROC_AUC	0.762	0.774	0.856	0.869
	PRC_AUC	0.266	0.270	0.844	0.860