Outcomes of COVID-19 among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Danish Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 4
Clinical predictors of severe COVID-19 among patients with cirrhosis and noncirrhosis chronic liver diseases.
(a) Cirrhosis
Variables
Hospitalization
Bacterial infection
Intensive care
Mortality
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Age (years)
0.98 (0.94-1.03)
0.4
0.97 (0.9-1.0)
0.3
1.01 (0.9-1.1)
0.77
0.98 (0.9-1.0)
0.52
F/M
1 (0.4-2.9)
1
1.12 (0.3-4.3)
0.9
1.95 (0.5-8.2)
0.36
1.50 (0.4-5.3)
0.53
Lifestyle
Smoking (active)
1.99 (0.7-5.8)
0.2
0.31 (0.1-1.6)
0.2
4.24 (0.5-37.1)
0.19
3.60 (0.7-18.1)
0.12
Alcohol overuse
0.63 (0.2-1.9)
0.4
0.54 (0.1-2.0)
0.36
1.65 (0.31-8.82)
0.56
0.64 (0.18-2.29)
0.49
Comorbidities
Hypertension
1.3 (0.5-3.9)
0.6
0.57 (0.2-2.1)
0.39
0.89 (0.2-4.0)
0.88
1.67 (0.4-6.9)
0.48
Obesity
1 (0.3-3)
1
0.32 (0.1-1.2)
0.08
0.35 (0.1-1.6)
0.17
1.39 (0.3-5.8)
0.65
Type 2 diabetes
0.7 (0.3-1.9)
0.4
0.58 (0.2-2.0)
0.39
0.46 (0.1-1.9)
0.28
1.03 (0.3-3.6)
0.96
Cardiac disease
0.6 (0.2-1.9)
0.4
1.33 (0.3-5.6)
0.69
0.82 (0.1-3.7)
0.79
0.65 (0.2-2.7)
0.56
COPD
0.6 (0.2-2.4)
0.5
0.47 (0.1-2.2)
0.33
0.59 (0.1-3.4)
0.56
0.30 (0.07-1.28)
0.10
Chronic kidney disease
1 (0.2-5.4)
1
0.42 (0.1-2.6)
0.35
0.28 (0.0-1.8)
0.18
1.30 (0.14-12.2)
0.81
Stroke and hemiplegia
1.8 (0.4-8.2)
0.5
—
—
0.73 (0.13-4.14)
0.76
Autoimmune diseases
0.7 (0.23.5)
0.7
0.53 (0.1-3.1)
0.49
1.02 (0.1-9.6)
0.99
1.60 (0.18-14.59)
0.68
Asthma
—
—
—
—
—
Localized solid tumor
0.3 (0.03-3.2)
0.3
—
—
0.22 (0.03-1.77)
0.16
Treatment
Vitamin B
0.8 (0.3-2.1)
0.6
1.0 (0.29-3.51)
1.00
1.29 (0.31-4.35)
0.72
0.82 (0.24-2.79)
0.76
Severe COVID-19 was defined as requirement of hospitalization during COVID, bacterial infection involves positive blood culture or bacterial pneumonia or sepsis, and intensive care involves admission to an intensive care unit or noninvasive ventilation or mechanical ventilation. COPD: chronic pulmonary disease.
(b) Noncirrhosis CLD
Variables
Hospitalization
Bacterial infection
Intensive care
Mortality
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Age (years)
1.07 (1.04-1.10)
<0.001
1.06 (1.02-1.10)
0.004
1.07 (1.01-1.14)
0.015
1.04 (0.97-1.07)
0.289
F/M
0.91 (0.47-1.76)
0.78
0.93 (0.31-2.75)
0.89
0.36 (0.07-1.90)
0.22
2.85 (0.29-27.87)
0.37
Lifestyle
Smoking (active)
1.69 (0.61-4.75)
0.31
2.60 (0.33-20.69)
0.37
1.14 (0.13-9.86)
0.90
—
Alcohol overuse
0.42 (0.17-1.05)
0.06
0.196 (0.06-0.65)
0.008
0.31 (0.06-1.70)
0.18
0.39 (0.04-3.87)
0.42
Comorbidities
Hypertension
0.098 (0.05-0.22)
<0.001
0.09 (0.03-0.289)
<0.001
0.04 (0.01-0.35)
0.003
0.27 (0.04-1.97)
0.197
Obesity
0.55 (0.27-1.12)
0.10
0.47 (0.56-1.44)
0.19
0.94 (0.18-5.01)
0.94
1.14 (0.12-11.16)
0.91
Type 2 diabetes
0.35 (0.15-0.78)
0.01
0.99 (0.21-4.69)
0.99
0.20 (0.04-0.96)
0.04
0.16 (0.02-1.15)
0.07
Cardiac disease
0.18 (0.07-0.48)
0.001
0.61 (0.13-2.98)
0.55
0.25 (0.04-1.36)
0.11
—
—
Chronic pulmonary disease
0.16 (0.06-0.41)
<0.001
0.13 (0.04-0.41)
0.001
0.04 (0.01-0.22)
<0.001
0.37 (0.04-3.68)
0.39
Chronic kidney disease
0.60 (0.05-6.82)
0.68
—
—
—
—
—
—
Story of stroke and hemiplegia
0.39 (0.08-1.8)
0.23
0.44 (0.049-3.94)
0.46
0.196 (0.02-1.89)
0.16
0.096 (0.01-1.07)
0.056
Autoimmune diseases
0.55 (0.24-1.28)
0.17
0.64 (0.17-2.43)
0.51
1.08 (0.13-9.31)
0.94
—
Asthma
0.28 (0.08-1.01)
0.05
0.67 (0.08-5.72)
0.72
—
—
Localized solid tumor
0.21 (0.05-0.99)
0.048
0.44 (0.05-3.94)
0.46
0.196 (0.02-1.89)
0.16
—
Treatment
Vitamin B
0.19 (0.06-0.63)
0.007
0.19 (0.45-0.80)
0.024
0.37 (0.41-3.34
0.38
—
Severe COVID-19 was defined as requirement of hospitalization during COVID, bacterial infection involves positive blood culture or bacterial pneumonia or sepsis, and intensive care units involve admission to intensive care or noninvasive ventilation or mechanical ventilation and mortality.
